tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49299674643360569452024-03-07T22:07:44.379-08:00Help with writing research papersPop Culture Essay Topic Ideasseths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.comBlogger55125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-90609087275129048852020-08-27T17:09:00.001-07:002020-08-27T17:09:04.818-07:00Issue of HIV Essay Example For StudentsIssue of HIV Essay The Issue of HIV Essay/AIDS has been a creating issue since the mid 1980s. It is an issue that has started dread in everybody, except everyone has limited it down to specific individuals that can get AIDS. The normal AIDS casualty isn't an ordinary medication client or a rehearsing gay; it is anybody, any individual who has unprotected sex, any individual who has had a blood transfusion in the previous twenty years, or any individual who was honestly brought into the world by a tainted mother. As out of line as it may be, HIV/AIDS can assault somebody whom society would have never ;marked; as a cliché AIDS casualty. This issue of HIV/AIDS should be tended to, and it should be tended to now. The plague of HIV/AIDS is on the ascent in the territory of Massachusetts. Upwards of 15,000 occupants might be contaminated with the infection and not know about it and most of these casualties are between the ages of twenty and forty. The main answer for this issue, similar to the main answer for any issue, is anticipation through instruction. Obviously it is anything but difficult to give out writing and condoms to grown-ups, yet would they say they are truly going to tune in? As a network, we can energize HIV/AIDS testing, yet will it be exploited? Since these are grown-ups being acclimated with HIV/AIDS, how to contract it, the results, and the crude measurements, they will presumably ignore the entirety of the data. Training on the issue of AIDS clearly needs to start at a previous age. HIV is spread most regularly by sexual contact with a tainted accomplice. The infection can enter the body through the coating of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum or mouth during sex. HIV likewise is spread through contact with contaminated blood. Before to the screening of blood for proof of HIV disease and before the presentation in 1985 of warmth getting methods pulverize HIV in blood items, HIV was transfered through transfusions of yucky blood. Today, in light of blood screening and warmth treatment, the danger of securing HIV from such transfusions is very little. HIV every now and again is spread among infusion tranquilize clients by the sharing of needles or syringes tainted with minute amounts of blood of somebody contaminated with the infection. In any case, transmission from patient to social insurance specialist or the other way around by means of unintentional sticks with tainted needles or other clinical instruments is uncommon. Despite the fact that analysts have distinguished HIV in the spit of tainted people, no proof exists that the infection is spread by contact with salivation. Research facility considers uncover that spit has common exacerbates that restrain the irresistibleness of HIV. Investigations of individuals contaminated with HIV have discovered no proof that the infection is spread to others through spit, for example, by kissing. Nobody knows, in any case, the danger of contamination from purported ;profound; kissing, including the trading of a lot of spit, or by oral intercourse. Researchers additionally have discovered no proof that HIV is spread through perspiration, tears, pee or excrement. Investigations of groups of HIV-tainted individuals have demonstrated obviously that HIV isn't spread through easygoing contact, for example, the sharing of food utensils, towels and bedding, pools, phones or latrine seats. HIV can't spread by creepy crawlies, for example, mosquitoes or kissing bugs. HIV can taint any individual who offers medicate needles or syringes, or by having sexual contact without utilizing assurance. Since this is such a disputable issue, the age at which instruction should start is easily proven wrong. The kids should be full grown enough to deal with the worries and they should be youthful enough to start rehearsing proportions of security that will proceed for the duration of their lives. In any case, regardless of anything else, training of HIV/AIDS should start when these youngsters can comprehend that sharing blood can be hazardous. A genuine case of this circumstance is a five-year-old kid going up against his mother and saying that he and his closest companion are going to prick their fingers and become ;kindred spirits. .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 , .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .postImageUrl , .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 , .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:hover , .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:visited , .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:active { border:0!important; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:active , .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1fb23e0650ce8421687 6a4890e31a898 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1fb23e0650ce84216876a4890e31a898:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Police mercilessness Essay; A reaction that will give a valid justification why this ought not be done and give data about HIV/AIDS would be: ; Some individuals have a few things in their blood that can make you extremely wiped out and sharing blood . seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-9986859653931936612020-08-22T12:36:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:36:26.149-07:00Great Gatsby :: essays papersExtraordinary Gatsby 3 Compose an article about the character and capacity of Nick Carraway. Notwithstanding the title, Nick Carraway is the principal character we meet, and properly his job in The Great Gatsby is essential; without him the story would need parity and understanding. The primary section is principally committed in building up his character and position in the book, at that point proceeding onward to Tom and Daisy. Scratch is ourââ¬Ë direct, way finderââ¬â¢ in The Great Gatsby; he relates the story through his eyes and from what others have let him know. He endeavors consistently to be objective, his remarks are adjusted, as he says just in the main page of the bookââ¬Ã¢â¬Ë Iââ¬â¢m slanted to save all judgementsââ¬â¢. His objectivity is strengthened all through to us by his hatred of Gatsbyâ⬠he altogether opposes himâ⬠heââ¬Ë spoken to everything for which I have unaffected scornââ¬â¢. However there is somethingââ¬Ã¢â¬Ë some elevated affectability to the guarantees of lifeââ¬â¢,ââ¬Ë an uncommon present for hopeââ¬â¢ that is appealing to Nick, and expects him to make a few endeavors at portraying it. He enrolls scorn for quite a bit of what Gatsby stands forâ⬠the erroneousness, the culpability, yet he prefers him. His capacity to giggle at Gatsby and his bogus airsââ¬Ë What was that? . . . The image of Oxford?ââ¬â¢ shows heââ¬â¢s neither enchanted nor entirely appalled by Gatsby. Scratch considers him to be the best of aââ¬Ë spoiled crowdââ¬â¢, his endorsement is consistently relativeâ⬠contrasted with Tom and Daisy his fantasy like guiltlessness is alluring, however curved into an outlandish objective and just almost accomplished by guiltiness. Be that as it may, contrasted with Tomââ¬â¢s merciless disposition to Myrtle and Wilson, Daisyââ¬â¢s reckless deserting of Gatsby and at last their total failure to see their wrongââ¬Ã¢â¬Ë in the event that you think I didnââ¬â¢t have my offer of enduring . . . I plunked down and cried like a babyââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ put Gatsby in an a lot more pleasant light. As Nick says, Gatsby wasââ¬Ë worth the entire damn bundle put togetherââ¬â¢. His amusingly scornful comments show his comical inclination, and in spite of the fact that he is no nonsense, we are not exhausted by him. We are recounted his ageâ⬠thirty, which makes us pay attention to his sentiments, as he is not some youthful unworldly man. Scratch is presented legitimately, yet Gatsby stays a far off character for a great while. The foundation of Nickââ¬â¢s intelligent, open minded character is fundamental, similar to his constraints, so we donââ¬â¢t just excuse him as Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s mouthpiece. The way that he opposes Gatsby so at an early stage, causes us to oblige his decisions when he lets us know of Gatsby and unfurls the story. Our first strange look at Gatsby sets us up for a lot of what is to seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-44649748572243414682020-08-21T10:18:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:18:27.451-07:00Essay Samples For Elementary StudentsEssay Samples For Elementary StudentsWith the advent of technology, more people have become involved in research and scholarship as a way to better themselves and to earn money. There are many informative essay samples for elementary students available.They will help students understand some of the basic ideas of the subjects. If you are a parent of a student who is very interested in the topic of education and wants to know what they should study, then look for different topics that may interest them. They are offered by various companies that create articles on educational subjects to be read by children.The first types of topics that are available for elementary students include religion, government, and the arts. Religion is one topic that is of great interest to most elementary students. This type of essay sample for elementary students is usually free and can be downloaded directly from the website. There are other topics which have high academic requirements which can be obtai ned only with financial assistance from the university or from the school.A topic like government is also one that is available for elementary students. However, it is not often used in the United States. There are many different types of essays that are available for elementary students and these should be used to assess the student's ability in reading and writing. The elementary level of these types of essays has been set at level three, which is an advanced level and students can actually write a good essay on this topic.It is not a good idea to assume that the topics offered for elementary students are perfect. It is recommended that they be revised in accordance with the needs of the students so that the essays will be good. It is not unusual for the various online sites to offer the subject of essays free of charge. The essay samples for elementary students are therefore a good source of topics for the children to choose from.It is important to give special attention to the e ssay samples for elementary students as it will serve as a guideline to teach them about the basic idea of topics, terminology, grammar, and other things needed to write a good essay. In order to get all of the information about the various essay samples for elementary students, you can look for the various websites that offer them. These websites provide the information in the form of articles that can be downloaded from the website and printed for further use.The essay samples for elementary students are designed for children to use at home or in school. They should have a clear idea about the different topics that they can use for the essays. In fact, they should be able to access and use the resources without any difficulty. This way, they will know what the other student is looking for in a subject.They should be able to memorize certain basics such as how to format the article for printing, what is expected of them, and even the meaning of the topics. They should also know how to make their own essay samples for elementary students. The essay samples for elementary students can help the students to achieve the desired grades and they can learn how to write essays in a short time. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-27155199535603167502020-05-26T00:21:00.001-07:002020-05-26T00:21:03.022-07:00I Am An International Student - 945 Words A language learning process does not only include learning communication skills but learning about others and yourself. It is about understanding the culture in depth and accepting the diversity of the world. The ââ¬ËAsia Languages (Japanese) In-Country Courseââ¬â¢ offers a great learning experience for developing Japanese language skills in context. My family has always been interested in travelling. Since I was five, we have been travelling to Japan, Vietnam, Philippines and China and explored different cultures. These experiences allowed me to have a particular interest in English and Japanese languages, which led me to study at a language specialist school in Korea, majoring in English and minoring in Japanese. This inspired me to consider using different languages as well as becoming a cultural bridge as a significant part of my future career. I am an international student from South Korea studying Bachelor of Education (Primary and Middle) at the University of South Australia. After completing the high school education in Australia, I have decided to pursue my education in Australia to become the best teacher I can be to make a genuine difference to studentsââ¬â¢ lives. I am currently studying Japanese as my minor and hope to teach both Japanese and EAL (English as an Additional Language) in the future. As a future educator, I would like to return the support I have received from the teachers to my students, especially students from diverse backgrounds. I believe going throughShow MoreRelatedI Am An International Student994 Words à |à 4 PagesTianyu wang 1/28/2016 Journal 1 I am an international student , I come from China, when I study the English this language, I noticed that there are a lot of words for example, fisherman, bossy, feisty and emotional. Feisty means to describe she is full of energy but with the implication thatof she is aggressive. Why isnââ¬â¢t there is not other kinds of words to describe men? I am not a feminist. Before I came to America, I have never heard of this word, may be because I come from China, which is a veryRead MoreI Am An International Student1384 Words à |à 6 Pageschanged my perspective and the way I look at things around me. As I started to register for summer classes and take a look into the subjects that would be available during the summer, Organization Environment in Higher Education attracted my attention. Although, at the same time I was afraid that this subject would be only about the American environment. This was in my opinion my biggest hurdle; I have a really poor background about it since I am an international student. However, after reading the syllabusRead MoreI Am An International Student932 Words à |à 4 Pagesself-development opportunities that will definitely help me in my career. Since I will be working in the consulting industry, the communication skills are very important to succeed in this field. You have to work with the C-Suite level executives and constantly present to them your analysis and strategies. The communication skills are critical to convince these clients of your recommendations to specific business issue. During this course, I learnt a lot about myself, my strengths and weaknesses and a developedRead MoreI Am An International Student And English1063 Words à |à 5 PagesLast Tuesday, I had a meeting with my professor Ms. Barbara Jean Halls on her office CA-1115, Department of English. I visited her during regular office hours, before my next class at 5:30 pm on that day. She is my instructor who teaches me in a class APPLIED GRAMMAR III Section 180 Spring Semester 2016. Because I am an international student and English is a second language so that I have many problems with English for studying. In the interview, we discussed some issues about the way to improveRead MoreI Am An International Student From India1445 Words à |à 6 Pageswith? I am an international student from India. I spent two years at an international residential school. After graduating from high school, I was exploring my options of going to college in North America and I went on to finalize Knox College. During my freshman year fall term in 2014, I was under the impression that since I have been to an international school in India, I would have a competitive advantage in transitioning to an American institution. However, that was not the case and I was completelyRead MoreI Am An International Student From South Korea929 Words à |à 4 PagesI am an international student from South Korea. As a first-year international student, English language and American culture are my weakness in my academic life. Especially, I had a lack of American culture such as manner. I took the ENG 194 class to improve my academic writing skill for my future writing works and know the American culture. Moreover, in this class, I wanted to know that something practical knowledges about how to apply for a job in the United States of America. Because one of myRead MoreI Am An International Student Attending University Of Texas1846 Words à |à 8 PagesI am an international student attending University of Texas at Arlington. It is my second semester here. I am getting used to with the American educational system and culture. So far, I feel positive about it and I think I am excelling. My first semester was however a total cultural shock. Being a business major wanting to pursue career in accounting, I wanted to take Accounting, Business, Economics and Finances classes but I was forced into taking Astronomy, History, Communication and English classesRead MoreI Am An International Student From Dongying, Shandong Province, China892 Words à |à 4 PagesI am an international student from Dongying, Shandong Province, China. Dongying is a beautiful city with the Yellow River running through. It is named one of the six most beautiful wetlands in China. As is known, Confucianism is an important part of Chinese culture. I grew up in a traditional Chinese family and my father taught me lots of etiquette. For example, I am not allowed to address elder members disrespectfully by their names or eat befor e the elder members start eating. Taking back is consideredRead MoreMy Identity And Representation : I Am An International Student At Arizona State University1861 Words à |à 8 Pagesof all, I am an international student at Arizona State University, so my life in the United State could not live without friends, family support and other outside social groups. Living by myself in other country, I have to face a lot problem in every single day, that is the main reason for me to take a part it and join them. I belong with many social groups, and those groups relate to my life and changed my identity, in each group I represent different role and things. Primarily, I am a part ofRead MoreThe Position Of Assistant Professor Of Socio Cultural Foundations Of Education At Miami University997 Words à |à 4 PagesI am writing to apply for the position of Assistant Professor of Socio-Cultural Foundations of Education at Miami University, which I found at the Chronicle of Higher Education. I am currently a PhD candidate at the University of Wyoming in the College of Education, where I am nearing completion of my dissertation investigating international studentsââ¬â¢ English language issues, perceived discrimination, and intent to persist at the university. I expect to defend my dissertation in October of 2016 seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-3562927992519204662020-05-15T06:55:00.001-07:002020-05-15T06:55:10.218-07:00AUPB Admissions ACT Scores, Financial Aid More seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-75177101185052926812020-05-06T16:16:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:16:15.404-07:00Mean Little Deaf Queer By Terry Galloway Essay - 1817 Words The book, Mean Little deaf Queer, a memoir, by Terry Galloway, is a powerful autobiography that gives insights about her life. Not only has she coped with a disability, but she also had to deal with being queer and overcoming the many obstacles of accepting this reality. Terry Galloway, grew up viewing herself as an outsider because of the responses she received from other individuals as her body transformed. She proclaimed herself as a child freak from the moment her body began to change, and when her hearing was diminishing and her hallucinations became a frequent occurrence, she would address her fury and discontent with her hearing aids and thick round glasses. Nevertheless, the moment she feigned her own drowning at a summer camp for crippled children, she knew she had discovered a new passion. Her hardships were overlooked and renovated into a love for theater and speech that would not only defy her reality, but that would surpass her expectations. In essence, this book elucidated what it was like for Terry Galloway to undergo her mental breakdowns, to address her queer identity in a world deprived of sound, while taking into consideration societal norms and historical occurrences in the world of people with disabilities. Correspondingly, Galloway divides her story into three parts that depict the unfolding of her life. The first part of her memoir was ââ¬Å"Drowningâ⬠which corresponds to her going deaf, the second part of her memoir was ââ¬Å"Passingâ⬠which corresponds to her seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-56895538073289551382020-05-05T18:58:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:58:22.647-07:00Classical free essay sample A ; Operant Conditioni Essay, Research Paper A COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING. This essay outlines the basic rules of classical and operant conditioning and considers the similarities and differences between these two theoretical accounts of acquisition. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is so named after the experimental process devised by the physiologist, Ivan Pavlov ( 1849-1936 ) , when he changed his focal point from the digestive system to conditioning, after detecting a Canis familiaris salivate when it saw the pail in which its nutrient was kept. Pavlov devised an instrument to mensurate the salivation of the Canis familiaris when giving it meat pulverization. The meat pulverization was the innate stimulation ( UCS ) and the response was salivation, an innate response ( UCR ) . Unconditioned means that the response is automatic, based on inherent aptitude. He so rang a bell, the impersonal stimulation, and straight afterwards gave some meat pulverization ( UCS ) to the Canis familiaris. The Canis familiaris responded by salivating. Pavlov repeated this several times a twenty-four hours for 1 hebdomad and discovered that if he rang the bell but did non give the Canis familiaris meat pulverization it still salivated. He now saw the bell as a learned stimulation ( CS ) , and the salivation as a conditioned response ( CR ) , as it had been learned. If a impersonal stimulation that does non bring forth a response is repeatedly paired with a UCS that does bring forth a response, so the impersonal stimulation will go a CS and besides produce a response. An mundane illustration of this would be a individual go forthing a edifice upon hearing the fire dismay. The UCS is fright of a fire, the CS is the dismay s ring, and the CR is go forthing the edifice. Principles to Classical Conditioning + Stimulus Generalisation # 8211 ; this refers to utilizing similar stimulations to the CS, a bell with a somewhat higher pealing tone to the original one, for illustration, that will likely arouse the salivary response. The more different the stimulation, the weaker the CR will be. + Stimulus Discrimination # 8211 ; this refers to the ability to arouse a response to a CS, but non to other similar but different stimulation. Pavlov paired a black oval with the meat pulverization, uniting this with the bell and one time the black oval had produced a CR he paired the UCS ( meat pulverization ) with a similar form and non with the oval. The new form, a black circle, was repeatedly paired with the meat pulverization until it produced a CR. The Canis familiaris was able to know apart between the forms. + Higher Order Conditioning # 8211 ; Pavlov did another experiment where he paired a metronome ( CS ) with the meat pulverization ( UCS ) . After arousing a CR to the CS he paired it with a black square ( impersonal stimulation ) but no UCS. After a while the square evoked a CR even though it had neer been paired with the UCS. + Extinction this occurs when the CS loses its ability to bring forth a CR. Pavlov produced the CS but did non reenforce it utilizing the UCS. After reiterating this several times the Canis familiaris did non salivate. Besides, if the CS is used once more after a time-lapse, the CR may return but in a weaker signifier. This is known as self-generated recovery. Applications of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is used to handle people with phobic disorder, utilizing assorted methods. First there is systematic desensitization. In the instance of arachnophobia, the individual would be shown the mildest image of a spider, eg a sketch drawing, and so asked how they felt. The image of the spider would so be bit by bit intensified, doing it more realistic, in each instance followed with an appraisal of the individual s reaction. This procedure is known as hierarchy of stimulus strength. Reciprocal suppression velocities this procedure up by acquiring the individual to loosen up more ( by utilizing hypnotherapy, for illustration ) . Besides there is deluging where the individual is forced to face the phobic disorder in its most utmost signifier for every bit long as they can bear it. This is the most effectual technique, but by and large less utmost techniques are favoured. Another usage is Aversion Therapy, which tackles dependence. Administering an emetic drug, which would do them purge whenever they imbibed intoxicant, would handle an alky. OPERANT Conditioning Operant conditioning sums to larning that a peculiar behavior leads to achieving a peculiar end. ( Rescorla 1987 ) Operant conditioning started with some experiments by E.L Thorndike ( 1911 ) who built a mystifier box in which he put a hungry cat. ( see figure 2 ) Figure 2 # 8211 ; Thorndike s mystifier box The door of the box was held shut with a spring on a block with a cringle on the terminal. If the cat pulled the cringle the door would open. The cat could see and smell the fish and reacted by mewing, prowling around the box and assorted other responses until finally it pulled the cringle to open the door, therefore get awaying to eat the fish. Thorndike called this response a pleasant effect. He put the cat back in the box and saw that the cat would get at the pleasant effect a spot quicker than earlier. Based on this experiment he formulated The Law of Effect which states, If the response to a stimulation is followed by pleasant effects it becomes stamped in to the being and is more likely to happen to the stimulation in the hereafter. An illustration of this would be giving a biscuit to a kid for picking up all of its playthings. If it does non hold pleasant effects so it will go erased and less likely to happen with the stimulation in the hereafter. This sort of larning lone occurs through test and mistake with no idea involved. Due to the nature of this eventuality, this attack has been named instrumental conditioning. B.F. Skinner ( 1904 1997 ) refined instrumental conditioning and proposed his ain attack, operant conditioning. Alternatively of utilizing Thorndike s term pleasant effects, he used the term positive support. Skinner devised machines for his experiments, named Skinner s boxes, and he largely used rats and pigeons. Inside these boxes was a lever, which the animate being had to press to open a nutrient tray and have nutrient ( positive support ) . The animate beings showed all sorts of behavior in the box but finally, through geographic expedition, pressed the lever and received the nutrient. Once this had been conditioned, the other behaviors died out, as they were non reinforced. The pressure of the lever is a CR. A quicker manner of acquiring the animate being to press the lever is known as defining. Here, the animate being is reinforced for acquiring nearer to the lever and hence rising its opportunities of pressing the lever by chance. After the animate being has pressed the lever it will merely be reinforced for that response. Skinner besides introduced the term negative support which means that if you get a bad response, you do something else to avoid acquiring the bad response once more. An illustration of this would be if a kid were punished for non picking up all of its plaything. It would be more likely to pick them up in future to avoid the negative support. Skinner developed five different agendas of support, which affect both response and extinction rates. Without some degree of support, extinction of the CR will finally happen. Similarity Both classical and operant conditioning attack basic larning phenomena from a behaviorist position, trying to explicate how specific forms of behavior are acquired in the presence of chiseled stimulations linked to a response. As shown, stimulus generalization, favoritism and extinction are all common features. Both have contributed positively to managing behavioral upsets such as alcohol addiction, phobic disorder and advancing address therapy amongst autistic kids and schizophrenics. The common restriction is that they are based strictly upon observed behavior and neglect to reflect upon the unobservable contents of consciousness. Both rely upon the premiss that, for larning to hold taken topographic point, a alteration in behavior must be displayed. Is it non possible to alter behavior non holding learnt anything or conversely for behavior to stay the same despite something holding been learnt? Differences Classical conditioning trades merely with nonvoluntary behavior, whereas operant conditioning besides deals with voluntary behavior. In operant conditioning the scholar must supply a right response in order to be reinforced, which strengthens the response, but in classical conditioning the scholar is automatically reinforced when larning to react to the impersonal stimulation. Another difference is that, in operant conditioning the signifier of behavior to be learned or extinguished through positive support or penalty is determined by the experimenter and can be achieved more efficaciously through defining. Skinner s agendas of support attention deficit disorder to operant conditioning a valuable flexibleness, leting conditioned responses to last indefinitely. Decision We have seen that Classical and Operant conditioning have both made valuable parts to our apprehension of the acquisition procedure. Of the two, operant conditioning is the more adaptable, using defining and agendas of support, therefore traveling some manner to get the better ofing the defects and breakability of the stiff classical theoretical account. It is evident that both theoretical accounts, with their heavy behaviorist propensity, fall short of explicating the complexnesss of human behavior. Making tax write-offs about human behavior from mere observation of hungry animate beings is possibly, at best, misguided. To what extent can we truly extrapolate from animate beings to worlds? Fortunately for us, life is non merely a consecutive journey of get awaying Skinner s boxes to bask our following Pavlovian dish. Above the physiological degree of being, countries of higher motive and consciousness demand to be explored for us to derive a Fuller penetration into what it is to larn. Mentions Pavlov I.P. ( 1849-1936 ) category notes. Pavlov I.P. ( 1849-1936 ) , Introduction to Psychology 10th Edition, Atkinson R.L, Atkinson R.C, Smith E, Bem D.J, Hilgard E.R. ( p249 ) Rescorla R.A. ( 1987 ) as cited in Introduction to Psychology 10th Edition, Atkinson R.L, Atkinson R.C, Smith E, Bem D.J, Hilgard E.R. ( p255 ) Skinner B.F. ( 1904-1997 ) Get downing Psychology, A comprehensive debut to psychology, Hardy M, Heyes S. ( pp41-48 ) Skinner B.F. ( 1904-1997 ) category notes. Thorndike E.L ( 1911 ) Get downing Psychology, A comprehensive debut to psychology, Hardy M, Heyes S. ( pp41-44 ) seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-48778732820799790222020-04-12T18:12:00.001-07:002020-04-12T18:12:03.656-07:00Mother Dairy free essay sample MARKETING MANAGEMENT (Final Project Report) ON MOTHER DAIRY ICE CREAMS Presented to: Prof. Neha Gupta Presented by: Sumaira Patel (39) Vishal Narula (63) Akshay Dhuri (64) Swet Shah (65) Himanshu Shah (66) Abhinav Srivastava (68) K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research Page | 1 CONTENTS Sr. No. Particulars Page No. 1. Mother Dairy ââ¬â Company Overview 4 2. Marketing Mix (4Ps) 10 3. Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning (STP) 13 4. Mother Dairy Ice Cream Branding Strategy 21 5. Mother Dairy Ice Cream Pricing Strategy 23 6. Mother Dairy Ice Cream Distribution Strategy 24 7. Mother Dairy Ice Cream Advertising Strategy 27 8. Ansoffââ¬â¢s Matrix 30 9. Michael Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces Model 31 10. BCG Matrix 33 11. Mother Dairy Ice Cream Product Life Cycle 35 12. SWOT Analysis 36 13. PESTEL Analysis 37 14. Future Strategy 38 15. Survey Questionnaire 41 Page | 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We take great pleasure in submitting this project report for the year 2013-2014 as students of K. J. SOMAIYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH. This report is a part of the requirements of the Master in Management Studies Course, University of Mumbai. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Dairy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all those who helped us in completion of our project successfully. We thank Prof. Neha Gupta for her guidance and suggestions for our project. We would like to give thanks to all the respondents who gave their valuable time in filling our questionnaires and providing us with the valuable information and helped us in completing our project. At last we would like to thank all those who have indirectly helped us for the same, our parents, friends and classmates. Sumaira Patel (39) Vishal Narula (63) Akshay Dhuri (64) Swet Shah (65) Himanshu Shah (66) Abhinav Srivastava (68) Page | 3 1. MOTHER DAIRY ââ¬â COMPANY OVERVIEW MOTHER DAIRYââ¬â At Glance Parent Company National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Category Milk and Food Processing Sector Food and Beverages Tagline/ Slogan Piyo Pure Mission Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s heritage is intrinsically linked to the cooperative movement in India. With determination pride we will continue to serve our farmers, rural India our consumers. Our values reflect who we are what we firmly believe in. Vision Provide quality food and beverages to consumers at affordable prices while ensuring fair returns to the producers. USP Indiaââ¬â¢s very own producer of milk, milk products, beverages, foods, etc. at affordable rates and of premium quality Product Portfolio Popular Brands 1. Mother Dairy Plain Dahi 2. Dhara 3. Safal Competition Competitors 1. Amul 2. Nestle 3. Britannia 4. Kissan 5. Heinz 6. Reliance Fresh Page | 4 1. 1 FORMATION OF MOTHER DAIRY NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD (NDDB) The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was designed in 1969 on Anand Dairy Cooperative outlines of creating district cooperative of milk producers at village level which aim at collection of whatever amount of milk they produce and payment to them according to the quality of milk they supply. Then this milk is processed and supplied to the people at metropolitans and other cities at nominal charges. For about 5 years, NDDB was dormant till the time they received presents of Whole Milk Powder and Butter Oil from European Union and came into action with the help of Indian Dairy cooperation. Operation flood was started in 1970 under the guidance of Dr. Kurein, Chairperson NDDB, Anand and Mr. Jamnadas Patel in Khera, Gujarat. The objectives of Operation Flood are: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? To buy the milk from the farmers and villagers as much milk as they could supply at reasonable prices and keep the price of milk stable whole year. To operate, procure, process and market milk and milk products. Production of good milk after its qualitative and quantitative estimation. System to eliminate middleman. Providing technical inputs and services to yield of milk animals. Organizing an efficient transport system to collect milk from villagers. Set up of balancing dairies and storage system to convert excess milk to milk powder and butter oil. Train personnel to plan and manage the system as well as operate the services described. To meet out these objectives, NDDB started dairy plants all over India and Mother Dairy was one of them. It was set up in 4 major cities at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Operation flood was a major dairy development program. Funds were generated by the sale of dairy commodities donated by the World Food Program (FAO-UN) which assisted project to carry out its mission. This included establishing dairy cooperatives in rural milk sheds, setting of animal husbandry units, constructing modern dairies in cities, organizing storage and long distance transportation and project planning with manpower development. The first phase of operation flood was completed in 1979, followed by second phase (1979-1988), assisted by European Economic Community. Its third phase ended in 1996. Page | 5 1. 2 MOTHER DAIRY PROFILE Mother Dairy was set up under the operation flood project on 2nd December, 1974. It is equipped with latest technology. Products are prepared as per the PFA standards. The dairy was established on behalf of the Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture (Dept. of Animal Husbandry and Daring). Mother Dairy is being managed by NDDB as a subsidiary unit retaining its independent character. Mother Dairy markets approximately 3. 2 million litres of milk daily in the markets of Delhi, Mumbai, Saurashtra and Hyderabad. Mother Dairy milk has a market share of 65% in the branded sector in Delhi where it sells 2. 5 million litres of milk daily and undertakes its marketing operations through around 1400 retail outlets and over 1000 exclusive outlets of Mother Dairy. 1. 3 PRODUCT RANGE OF MOTHER DAIRY Mother Dairy has a huge product range and these products have been marketed through retail network. ? ? ? ? ICE-CREAMS Safal (Select frozen vegetables) Jams, Ketch-up Pickle Mango drink other fruit juices ? ? ? ? Paneer Sterilized cream Butter milk (chhachh) Dhara Oil, etc Some of the new products launched recently are Misthi doi, Dahi, Flavored Milk, Lassi, Butter, Pure Ghee, UHT Milk, Dairy Whitner, Cheese etc. Page | 6 Details of Product Safal Products Juice Orange, Orange-Apple, Mixed Fruits, Grape Pickles ââ¬â Mixed Pickle, Mango Pickle, Red Chili Pickle, Lemon Pickle Jam ââ¬â Pineapple, Mixed Fruits, Apple, Orange Marmalade Squash ââ¬â Orange, Lemon Rice Safal Gold Basmati Rice, Safal Silver Basmati Rice, Safal Premium Paramal Rice Safal Drink ââ¬â Guava, Mango Nectra Tomato Products Tomato Puree, Tomato Ketchup Dairy Products Butter, Ghee, UHT, Curd, Lassi, Flavored Milk 1. 4 ABOUT MOTHER DAIRY ICE-CREAMS In 1996 mother dairy came up with its ice-creams. Mother Dairy ice creams are now being enjoyed across the markets of Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal. Next year, it plans to go south to Hyderabad and Bangalore. With Indias per capita consumption of ice-cream at 200 ml being among the lowest in the world, opportunity for ice-cream marketers is abundant. And mother dairy is all geared up to take advantages of the opportunities ahead. Mother dairy has a huge variety of ice-creams in its portfolio, from impulse to take away to gallons. The range will be available at Mother Dairy booths, retail outlets and push carts. In the ice cream business their major competitors are Amul, Kwality Wallââ¬â¢s, Cream bell and Vadilal. Among these Amul, Kwality Wallââ¬â¢s are giving neck to neck competition to mother dairy. But to stay ahead of the competition require special effort. Mother dairy ice-creams strategy of product differentiation is value created through quality of the offerings as well as innovations in products. And this is backed by a relevant marketing and promotion campaigns. At present company claims 65 per cent market share in the ice creams market in Delhi and the National Capital Region. A harsh summer, a keenly contested battle, and a pampered consumer, it cant get hotter than that for the ice cream industry Page | 7 Sundae Magic Coffee Excess and Shahi Meva Malai, these sundaes give you the chance to relish what even the Add a little magic to your day with Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s sensational range of sundaes. A liberal sprinkling of nuts accompanied by a thick layer of rich sauce makes these sundaes absolutely irresistible. Available in three exotic flavours Jamaican Almond Fudge, Nawab of Awadh was deprived off. Kulfi This traditional Indian delicacy just got betterricher creamier and with more variety. Surrender to that all time favourite: Kesar Kulfi or enjoy the richness and abundance of nuts with Pista Kulfi. A royal treat for those with a taste for traditional delights. Cups A wide range of flavours to enjoy both at home and while on the move. Take your pick from avariety of flavours like Vanilla, Strawberry, Chocolate, Butterscotch, Choco Chip etc. Guara nteed to make all those family gatherings and outings extra special. Fruit Classics A unique range of premium ice creams in which carefully handpicked fruits blend with rich, creamy ice cream so that every spoonful that melts in your mouth has a natural taste of real fruit. Indulge your senses in the mouth watering flavour of delicious fruit with an added excitement of real fruit pieces. Whatââ¬â¢s more, it comes in three delectable flavours Strawberry Crush, Mango Marvel and Litchi Surprise Page | 8 Bricks Take your favourite ice creams home. They are a 500 ml or 1 litre Brick. Choose from a mind boggling range of great flavours. The All time Favorite Vanilla, Strawberry, Butterscotch, Chocolate and Two in One. The Simply Irresistible Choco Chip, Kesar Pista, KajuKishmish and Kulfi Pista. The New Unique Choco Fudge, Badam Thandai, Shahi Nazrana andFruit N Nut and Simply Coffee. A delicious for the entire family. Lic Lolleez An all time hit with the kids!! A refreshing and colourful range of ice candies and milk lollies-they are the perfect solution to the summer heat and add that extra zing to the winter chill. Try the new Chulbuli Shararat Lic Lolleez to re-discover the naughtiness in you. Page | 9 2. MARKETING MIX (4 Pââ¬â¢S OF MARKETING) PRODUCT PRODUCT VARIETY ââ¬â A wide range of dairy ice creams and frozen desserts QUALITY ââ¬â Ice cream rich in calcium and fresh every time DESIGN Includes chocolate bar, cups, candy, tubs and family pack PACKAGING ââ¬â High quality and eye catching packaging. Packaging colours ranges from orange, blue, green, red yellow and purple. Packaging is colourful in order to attract children and youth SIZES The paper packs are available in 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ml and tubs are available at 1 ltr. SERVICE ââ¬â Satisfying the dessert needs of the population in the best possible manner and delivering quality every time and offering a wide range of variety to choose from. RETURNS ââ¬â Only in the case of damaged ice creams PRICE Price varies for different ice creams depending upon the size and the form of the product For example a 115 ml tub is priced at Rs 30 and chocolate cones are priced at Rs 40 Price of its competitors is more or less similar. They have price points for different consumers from low cost stick bars to family packs. Overall they follow a penetrative pricing strategy. Page | 10 PLACE Channels- The products goes from the Mother dairy plant to a local area distributor, then from there to a retailer and finally to the consumer. Coverage- First launched in 1996, Mother dairy ice creams were available only in Delhi and NCR region for the first few years. Then it expanded its reach in the north region, and 4 years ago it entered Mumbai. Now they aim to get a national coverage and with that in mind they entered south India. Location Mother dairy delivers ice cream to retailers in company owned trucks. They also have Mother Dairy carts which sell directly to the customers. These carts are normally placed outside schools and colleges, so that they can directly reach out to their target group. PROMOTION Advertising ââ¬â vehicle advertising, outdoor billboards, point of sale displays and advertisements on television Message- The whole promotion links Ice cream with special moments of life which makes life real good. The campaign aims to lure the target audience for everyday indulgence with the regal, special taste of Mother Dairy ice-cream Page | 11 On ground Activation- Malls and Market are a place where huge crowd of people can approach at once and so Mother dairy goes to various malls to generate a lot of buzz for the Brand. Mother dairy also goes to various schools where it can get in touch with its target consumer directly. Where they organize games, distribute various goodies and freebies and holds contests and promotions. There they also get accurate feedback of how their products are received by the children. It also sponsors many events like in the year 2012 it sponsored an event in Mumbai called UTSAV 2012 ââ¬â a childrenââ¬â¢s moment for civic awareness. They were also associated with Channel [V] India fest in Pune in Symbiosis College Page | 12 3. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING (STP) 3. 1 SEGMENTATION Mother Dairy Ice Creams has segmented its customers on the basis of Pricing. Their Ice Cream price ranges from Rs5 Rs 500. They have divided the market into 3 categories depending on pricing Value, Mixed Price and Premium. Value: These are low cost stick bars, Kulfis and value added packs Mixed Price: Here we have the mid range products like the chocolate, butterscotch, vanilla cone and cup ice creams Premium: These are the products like the diet sugar free ice cream packs and exclusive flavour tubs like the Caramel Croquant , Blueberry Bliss , Sheer E Khaas etc Premium Mixed Price Value Page | 13 Value Products: Mixed Price : Premium : Page | 14 3. 2 TARGETING Mother dairy ice creams launched in the year 1995 has shown continuous growth over the years and today has approximately 62 percent market share in Delhi and NCR. It introduces new flavours like Oââ¬â¢blast, an orange based ice cream dessert to target the kids. It also has a brand chillz which targets the youth (15-25 year olds). It also has range of ice creams particularly targeting the children like the lic lolleez, cool buddies. It targets this segment aggressively ââ¬â it arranges a media blitzkrieg in summers and plans to increase the number of carts outside schools holds contests and promotions, offering goodies to them. In the ice cream business, where Mother Dairy trails market leader Amul and Kwality Walls, its advertising and promotions budget will double to Rs10 crore. Amul, which is the market leader with 37% market share, spends Rs2. 5 crore on advertising. Kwality has an 8% market share and Mother Dairy has about 7%. 3. 2. 1 Targeting the Heath Conscious Consumers today have become very health conscious and are constantly evaluating among products to pick the healthiest option while making the purchase decision. Eyeing the healthconscious consumers, Mother Dairy has launched new low fat ice-cream Dietz in mango and strawberry flavours. Page | 15 The milk fat content of the products is only 25 per cent of the content in regular ice-creams. Ice creams are considered to be a junk unhealthy food, this range is expected to change the way Indian consumers look at Ice creams. Now consumers can indulge in ice creams without worrying about the health. With the media and doctors in an overdrive to educate Indians on the efficacy of healthy foods, the market is expected to grow multifold. With the launch of healthy ice creams, Mother dairy is all set to ride the healthy foods wave. 3. 2. 2 Targeting the Youth Chillz range particularly targets the younger generation of 15-25 years old. Chillz range includes delightful cups, creamy tubs, drooling chocolate bars and delicious cones. They have vibrant, colourful and attractive packaging. This range gives a youthful perception to the brand and increases the cool quotient of the brand. This range of ice creams has helped Mother dairy to position itself quite well in the minds of its target consumer. Page | 16 3. 2. 3 Targeting the Children Lic lolleez, a popular mother dairy brand are a big hit with children. Lic lolleez are available in many different exciting flavours like mango, cola, orange and gol gappa. To encourage parents to purchase them, Lic loleez are now available with a healthy dose of vitamin C. The company claims that a single Lic lolly bar meets 20% of bodyââ¬â¢s daily Vitamin C requirement. Page | 17 3. 3 POSITIONING In marketing terms there is no such thing as a product or service that exists by itself in space, independent of consumer. For a product to exist it must find a place in an individual consumerââ¬â¢s perception of the world of products around him or her. And this perception is subjective, governed by the individual consumerââ¬â¢s values, beliefs, needs, experiences and environment. This is the core thought behind brand positioning ââ¬â the idea that each brand(if at all noticed) occupies a particular point or space in the individual consumerââ¬â¢s mind, a point that is determined by that consumers perception of the brand in question and in its relation to other brands. 3. 3. 1 Positioning of mother dairy ice creams Mother Dairy wants to get into bigger markets and have bigger shares in those markets. The cooperative is also expanding its product portfolio further to match rival offerings ââ¬â particularly those of Amul. For the first 22 years of its existence, liquid milk was the only dairy product that Mother Dairy offered. It was in 1996 that it came up with ice-creams. Mother Dairy has positioned itself in the market with the promise of the ââ¬Å"Real Goodââ¬â¢ factor. The brand assures the delivery of real goodness of milk, fruits, nuts and other ingredients. Mother dairy uses natural ingredients and delivers high product quality. New flavours are periodically introduced in the market. Page | 18 3. 3. 2 Determining a Competitive Frame Of Reference Choosing the most advantageous competitive frame of reference is a very important part of brand positioning. It defines which other brands the brand competes with and therefore which brands should be the focus of competitive analysis. The ice creams market was an emerging market in India, witnessing the entry of numerous players. The national scene was dominated by Hindustan Lever with its Kwality and Walls brands, accounting for about 45 percent of the market. GCMMF was the other national player, with about 30 percent of the market. There were, in addition, very powerful regional players such as Vadilal Ice Creams in the Western India who commanded substantial (in excess of 30 percent) of the regional market shares. Ice creams were largely promoted through local promotions, hoardings (billboards) and advertisements. 3. 3. 3 Channel Differentiation Mother dairy has partnered with DELIVERY ON CALL to provide home delivery of its products in Noida. Mother Dairy has booths all over Delhi-NCR, but the value proposition that Delivery on Call is pitching is that those at the booth donââ¬â¢t deliver products to consumers ââ¬â consumers typically have to go and buy products from Mother Dairy. Delivery on Call aims to provide the direct to home channel for Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s products. People can sit at home and order from home instead of visiting the booths. 3. 3. 4 Product Differentiation While Mother Dairy still may not have a product portfolio as large as Amul, which is also expanding across the country in a big way and is a much bigger player, its doing its bit. Mother Dairy says the idea is not just to enter new markets, but to do well in those markets which mean bigger market shares in the different product categories in whichever market it is present. The drivers will be value created through quality of the offerings as well as innovations in products. This will, of course, be backed by relevant marketing and promotion campaigns. Mother Dairy is bringing in mass Indian flavours which are building up in terms of absolute percentage of contribution. Their attempt is to make the taste experience in ice creams as familiar as possible so as to increase consumption. Take the case of curd. It started off very slow but today, Mother Dairy claims its growing at close to 60 per cent year-on-year in Delhi. Here again, the Indian flavour formula seems to have worked. If the offering fits well with the Indian consumer, the resistance is lower and acceptance more. Even in ice creams, Mother dairy has launched many Indian flavours specially for the Indian taste buds like shahi meva malai which is a mix of kheer and basundi flavour of ice cream, thandai flavour, rasmalai flavour and golgappa flavoured ice candy. Page | 19 3. 3. 5 Value Proposition Made from rich, creamy milk and superior ingredients, Mother dairy ice creams guarantee a delectable taste experience and are made of milk fats as opposed to frozen desserts. 3. 3. 6 Brand narratives and storytelling Nowadays, more and more companies are positioning their brands with compelling brand narratives, and so has Mother dairy. Mother dairy aims to become a ââ¬Å"lovemarkâ⬠. ââ¬Å"Lovemarksâ⬠are brands that have evolved from a place in the market to the heart of a culture. With the power of love they create life-long emotional connections. With the help of a nationwide multi media campaign Mother dairy wants to make the consumer fall in love with the brand and build an emotional relationship with her. Mother dairy ice creams launched advertisements along these guidelines with the tagline ââ¬Å"Life is Real Goodâ⬠. The ad is a montage of real situations with which one can correlate to. Another ad revolves around a couple in a plush living room enjoying Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s Classics. The film captures the romance between the product and the couple. These ads try to position the brand in the mind of the consumer. Mother dairy has been successful in creating an emotional connects with its ââ¬ËMaa Jaisi Koi Nahiââ¬â¢ campaign. The dairy brand emphasizes how children take their mothers love for granted. The brand reminds kids of what mothers go through just to keep them happy, without ever expecting anything in return. It reiterates that the least the children can do in return is to drink a glass of milk today, so that tomorrow when they grow up they can take care of their mothers. The campaign glorified a motherââ¬â¢s love and thus created a direct connect with the importance of ââ¬Ëtheââ¬â¢ woman of the house. Mother Dairy invited consumers to design the new pack for its milk to increase engagement with the brand. This helped the brand team and the creative team immensely to understand from the consumer what they think of our brand. 3. 3. 7 Proposed Strategy of the Brand Consumers must understand what the brand stands for, but Mother dairy Ice creams has failed in doing this. The idea does not come out very clearly in the advertisements. However people will have a craving for eating ice cream after watching the ad but why should one prefer Mother dairy instead of Amul or Kwality walls . There is no reason for the consumer to prefer Mother dairy over its competitors. Mother dairy ice creams do not have any strong point of difference which can differentiate it from its competitors. Point of difference are attributes or benefits that consumers strongly associate with the brand. Mother dairy needs to have a very clear Brand Mantra or what we call core brand essence. Page | 20 4. MOTHER DAIRY ICE CREAM ââ¬â BRANDING STRATEGY Branding Mother Diaryâ⠢ is recognized brand due to its presence and share in the market. It has wide variety of products milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, beverages, frozen food, and icecreams. Mother Dairy Ice-creams Mother Dairy decided to leverage a new brand with existing brand name i. e. they started new sub- brand as Mother Dairyâ⠢ Ice-Cream. The company started marketing ice cream sector with having companyââ¬â¢s name as the brand. After developing and gaining some market share the company started segmenting their target market. According to the target market the company came out with different brand which will associate with the respected markets. The segmentation of the market was mostly done on the basis of age group first children, second youth generations and third above them. To attract this market the company came out with brand name that will be associated with this age group and sense of belongingness will be generated. Brands Lic Lolleez The target market for this brand is children. The brand name itself promotes the products i. e. lolleez (candy bar) which are famous among children. As the target market is children, the buyers for the products are mostly their parents so they branded Lic Lolleez with goodness of ââ¬Å"Vitamin Câ⬠. Chillz The target market for this brand is youth generation or teenagers. The Chillz range reinforces the hip and youthful imagery of the brand and also drives in the point that Chillz ice creams are an integral part of fun activities that youth indulge in. ââ¬Å"Summer time its Chillz timeâ⬠tag line associated with Chillz. Classics The target market for this brand is group of people, family or friends. The Classics are further differentiated into three groups Fruit, Indian, and Western. The positioning of the Classics is done by ingredient, in Fruit Classics ââ¬â 100% natural flavour ice cream with real fruit pieces, in Indian Classics ââ¬â Traditional Indian flavours with Premium nuts, and in Western Classics ââ¬â Exotic and western flavours of international standards. Page | 21 Dietz Dietz is a sugar free ice cream brand. As a sugar free the target market for the brand is diet conscious and a health issue person. The milk fat in Dietz is 75% less than usual ice cream and low on calorie. The brand intends to delight the health conscious consumer by providing them a hard to refuse option that does not compromise on taste and experience normally associated with regular ice cream. Branding Strategy Even after launching these brands company decides to brand their product in Corporate Umbrella or Company brand name, to distinguish from competitors the company uses its own name Mother Dairyâ⠢ Ice-cream. Page | 22 5. MOTHER DAIRY ICE CREAM- PRICING STRATEGY There are several pricing strategies that a business can use: Cost based pricing this can either simply cover costs or include an element of profit. It focuses on the product and does not take account of consumers Penetration price an initial low price to ensure that there is a high volume of purchases and market share is quickly won. This strategy encourages consumers to develop a habit of buying Price skimming an initial high price for a unique product encouraging those who want to be first to buy to pay a premium price. This strategy helps a business to gain maximum revenue before a competitorâ⬠product reaches the market. The pricing strategy used by Mother Dairy is the second one, which encouraged the consumers to develop a habit of buying. Clientele The price of your ice cream gives your customers information about how you see your product and what type of target market you expect to buy your offerings. In the case of Mother Dairy, more than 96 percent of the total sample used in survey found the price nominal or in par with the competitors offering the similar products. The Market An ice cream pricing strategy should be based not only on the demand and typical pricing for the type of ice cream being offered, but also on market conditions in general. Mother Dairy positioned its ice cream as an everyday treat and not as an artisan luxury as this is evident from the product offering which is in the middle range or ââ¬Å"just rightâ⬠buy. The strategy they used is Value Pricing which bridges the gap between the economic and luxury as they sell through ice cream carts and low end ice cream shops rather than high end shops. Page | 23 6. MOTHER DAIRY ICE CREAM DISTRIBUTION RETAILING STRATEGY Distribution Network Mother Dairy Plant LAD Retailer Consumer *LAD is Local Area Distributor The packaged milk is distributed via the distributor network throughout the city. Mother Dairy follows a typical FMCG distribution model to reach to the consumers for its ice creams. They have extended the brand reach and depth to stimulate consumption using traditional retail, their own vending carts, own exclusive booths and kiosks in high throughput locations etc. This year they have also invested disproportionately on asset placement both in retail and vending to drive growth across all geographies and reach out to a larger chunk of consumers. Page | 24 Carry and Forwarding Agent The above mentioned distribution channel and retail channel is same in the area which is in close vicinity of the plant area, For E. g. The Mother Dairy plant in NCR is responsible for the coverage in Delhi, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Meerut etc. But when plants are very far located from some regions, one more level of distribution comes into the scene which is in between plant and the LAD and is known as CNF Agent. Mother Dairy Plant CNF Agent LAD Retailer Consumer Page | 25 CNF Agents are generally contracted agents of Mother Dairy where the ownership of the products still belongs to the mother dairy. These CNF Agents are responsible for the transportation of the products from plant to the storage facility, storing it for the time till the LAD or retailer asks for the product and transportation of product from storage facility to LAD or retailer. These CNF agents charge around 2% of the total product rice. E. g. The Mother Dairy plant in NCR is responsible for the supply in Western Uttar Pradesh region where they have around 6 CNF agents. Now these 6 CNF Agents are responsible for the distribution of ice cream from plant to LADââ¬â¢s in UP. Modern Trade Ice Cream in India Modern trade consists of hypermarkets and supermarkets that retail FMCG. But ice cream in India is never considered as an item under the basket of bulk purchases. This is the reason that ice cream companies choose locations in the residential localities where people decides to buy the ice cream after seeing a counter or a mobile unit/kart. Retailing of the ice cream through mobile units is the best channel when it comes to Mother Dairy. In my personal chat with one of the Area Sales Manager of Mother Dairy ice cream (who looks after the sales in Cannaught Place and India Gate region in Delhi) I was told a very interesting fact that CP and India Gate are highest selling point for ice creams in India. Now on my further drill I found that Mother Dairy has only one retail store at India gate and has around 150 mobile units and this is the reason that they are the leader in selling ice cream at these two points where they take 85-90% of the total sales as they are saving rents and outlets maintenance cost which their competitors canââ¬â¢t avoid. Recent Major Development Keeping in mind the benefit of the direct selling, in NCR region they have partnered with the Noida based E-Commerce Company ââ¬ËDelivery on Callââ¬â¢. Mother Dairy has booths all over Delhi-NCR, but the value proposition that Delivery on Call is pitching is that those at the booth donââ¬â¢t deliver products to consumers ââ¬â consumers typically have to go and buy products from Mother Dairy. Delivery on Call aims to provide the direct to home channel for Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s products. People can sit at home and order from home instead of visiting the retail stores. Page | 26 7. MOTHER DAIRY ICE CREAM ââ¬â ADVERTISING STRATEGY TVC To tap its target audience Mother Dairy came out with TVC, one TVC for each sub-brand and one showcasing its range of ice-cream where all the four sub-brands are shown and the TVC rides on the thought that ââ¬Å"Life is Real Goodâ⬠. The TVC capturing all the sub-brands is tagged as Range, it captures real slice of life situation and brings Mother Dairy alive through these moments. Itââ¬â¢s a montage of real situations which one can correlate with; cateri seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-24642934508324798072020-03-11T00:50:00.001-07:002020-03-11T00:50:03.176-07:0025 Coups de Plume25 Coups de Plume 25 Coups de Plume 25 Coups de Plume By Mark Nichol What, exactly, is a coup, and how many kinds of coups are there? This post describes a variety of phrases using the word, plus an array of related terms. Coup, a word for a sudden bold and/or brilliant act it also serves as a truncation of ââ¬Å"coup dââ¬â¢Ã ©tatâ⬠comes from the French word coup, meaning ââ¬Å"strokeâ⬠or ââ¬Å"blowâ⬠; ultimately, itââ¬â¢s from the Greek term kolaphos by way of the Latin borrowing colaphos. Few of the following expressions have been widely adopted into English, but theyââ¬â¢re all available for literal and/or idiomatic use: 1. Coup la porte (ââ¬Å"knock on the doorâ⬠): a signal or summoning 2. Coup bas (ââ¬Å"low blowâ⬠): a cheap shot 3. Coup dââ¬â¢archet (ââ¬Å"stroke of the bowâ⬠): contact of the bow with one or more strings on a violin or a similar instrument 4. Coup dââ¬â¢chance (ââ¬Å"stroke of luckâ⬠): a fortunate event 5. Coup dââ¬â¢eclat (ââ¬Å"stroke of gloryâ⬠): a glorious feat 6. Coup dââ¬â¢Ã ©tat (ââ¬Å"stroke of stateâ⬠): the overthrow of a national government by a government faction usually, elements of the nationââ¬â¢s military 7. Coup dââ¬â¢oeil (ââ¬Å"stroke of the eyeâ⬠): a survey taken at a glance 8. Coup de coeur (ââ¬Å"blow to the heartâ⬠): an intense but short-lived passion 9. Coup de crayon (ââ¬Å"stroke of the pencilâ⬠): an expression of artistic creativity 10. Coup de destin (ââ¬Å"blow of fateâ⬠): a tragic event 11. Coup de foudre (ââ¬Å"stroke of lightningâ⬠): an unexpected sudden event; also, love at first sight 12. Coup de glotte (ââ¬Å"stroke of the glottisâ⬠): a method in singing and speaking technique in which the glottis, the space between the vocal folds, is suddenly manipulated by muscular contraction 13. Coup de grà ¢ce (ââ¬Å"stroke of mercyâ⬠): a blow or shot to end the suffering of a mortally wounded person or animal; a figuratively similar act; or a decisive act, event, or stroke 14. Coup de lââ¬â¢amitià © (ââ¬Å"stroke of friendshipâ⬠): one (drink) for the road 15. Coup de main (ââ¬Å"stroke of the handâ⬠): a sudden, full-scale attack, or assistance 16. Coup de plume (ââ¬Å"stroke of the penâ⬠): a witty or masterful turn of phrase 17. Coup de poing (ââ¬Å"stroke of the fistâ⬠): a punch, or a shock 18. Coup de pouce (ââ¬Å"stroke of the thumbâ⬠): a helping hand, or a nudge 19. Coup de repos (ââ¬Å"stroke of restâ⬠): a chess move in which a player prepares for a blow against the playerââ¬â¢s opponent 20. Coup de sang (ââ¬Å"stroke of bloodâ⬠): extreme anger 21. Coup de thà ©Ã ¢tre (ââ¬Å"stroke of theater)â⬠: a sudden twist in a stage playââ¬â¢s script, or, in general, a sudden turn of events or a sudden effect; also, a successful stage production 22. Coup du ciel (ââ¬Å"stroke from heavenâ⬠): sudden good fortune 23. Coup dur (ââ¬Å"stroke of difficulty): a tough blow, or something difficult to accept 24. Coup en traà ®tre (ââ¬Å"stroke of treacheryâ⬠): a stab in the back 25. Coup montà © (ââ¬Å"stroke of fittingâ⬠): a frame-up or con Many other phrases and expressions include the word coup; those listed above are just most of them that begin with it. Among the others are coup pour coup (ââ¬Å"blow for blow,â⬠or ââ¬Å"tit for tatâ⬠) and coup sur coup (ââ¬Å"in quick succession,â⬠or ââ¬Å"time after timeâ⬠). Coup appears in other usages, and related terms abound. A coup injury is one in which the head strikes an object, causing injury to the brain; the accompanying countercoup injury to the brain occurs when the head strikes a fixed object, causing the brain to impact against the skull as well. Counting coup is the act of dominating or defeating an opponent in single combat without causing injury; in some Native American cultures, a warrior won such prestige by striking a foe or an enemy position with a hand, a weapon, or a coup stick, or by stealing an opponentââ¬â¢s weapon or his horse. Success in counting coup, which required the honoree to withdraw without injury, was acknowledged by notches cut in the coup stick or eagle feathers worn in the honoreeââ¬â¢s hair. Coupage has four distinct meanings: blending two types of wine to alter flavor, mixing drugs with other substances, removing hair from a hide, and tapping on the thorax to help dislodge secretions, such as in treatment for tuberculosis. Decoupage, unrelated to any of these senses, describes decoration of an object with paper cutouts and other materials. Other terms with the root word coup include recoup, which originally meant ââ¬Å"to deduct,â⬠though now the general sense is of compensation for a loss, and beaucoup, a French term meaning ââ¬Å"many, a great number.â⬠The latter entered general usage in American English by way of military personnel who had served in Vietnam, which had until recently been part of French Indochina. Coupà ©, the word for a type of carriage and, later, a style of car, is related; the sense is of something cut (with a stroke) down to a smaller size. So, too, is coupon, from the French word for ââ¬Å"piece.â⬠They are cognate with the verb cope, frequently seen in the phrase ââ¬Å"cope withâ⬠and meaning ââ¬Å"deal with challengesâ⬠and, less often, ââ¬Å"prevail in combat or competition.â⬠A coping saw, meanwhile, is a tool with a small, thin, saw blade set in a U-shaped frame, and a coppice (also rendered copse) is a thicket of trees cultivated for cutting. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesDifference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Honorary vs. Honourary seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-65030932771780245052020-02-23T15:15:00.001-08:002020-02-23T15:15:03.014-08:00Introduction assigments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsIntroduction assigments - Essay Example lack of political will due to labor needs, limited interior enforcement funding and lack of reliable techniques of confirming eligibility for employment (Gans, n.d). I do not support illegal immigration. This is because it puts pressure on available social resources; leads to the consumption of much government resources such as health care, welfare, education among others, especially by the poorer immigrants, without giving a corresponding amount of taxes; hinders upward mobility; and fragments the sense of national identity. It is also a threat to national security and interferes with the middle classââ¬â¢ way of life. Additionally, illegal immigration leads to brain drain especially if the immigrant is an intellectual. Abortion refers to the termination of a pregnancy through removing or expelling an embryo or a fetus from the uterus, which results in or is caused by its death. In medical terms, it refers to any pregnancy that does not result in a live birth, and can therefore refer to a premature birth or a miscarriage that does not end in a live infant (Buisson, n.d). Abortion is one of the most divisive issues in the modern society, with the sharp divisions cutting through religion, families and politics. It is an issue, which evokes very strong judgments and feelings as well as very heated recriminations on all sides. I believe that life begins at conception and therefore, abortion is the murder of unborn children and that terminating a pregnancy before normal childbirth is morally wrong ââ¬â it denies the baby the right to live. In deed, it punishes the innocent unborn baby. It can also cause medical complications later in the life of the mother in addition to causing severe psychological pain and stress. There should be no grounds for abortion even in the instance of incest and rape ââ¬â applying good medical care can prevent pregnancy in such seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-66617139322203702622020-02-07T08:02:00.001-08:002020-02-07T08:02:04.027-08:00EMR Information System Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsEMR Information System - Article Example Electronic records also provide opportunities for standardization of forms, abbreviations, as well as data input. Where the medical forms are digitized, the collection of data for epidemiology and clinical studies can also be facilitated (Bates, et.al., 2003). EMRs can also easily be constantly updated and the ability to exchange records between the EMR systems can also assist in the coordination of health delivery in other health facilities. Moreover, the data from the EMR can also be used alongside statistical reporting which can assist in quality improvement, as well as resource management and public health disease surveillance (Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, 2003). EMRs can also facilitate the reading and writing of patientââ¬â¢s records through the workstation but also through mobile devices (Littlejohns, et.al., 2003). These records may also include improved access to personal health records which makes individual notes within each unit readily available to consumers. Some EMR systems also allow for the automatic monitoring of clinical events involving specific patients, assessing patient data from the electronic health records in order to predict, as well as detect possible adverse events or risks (Littlejohns, et.al., 2003). This would likely include discharge or transfer orders, laboratory results, as well as medicine orders and related services/orders. I agree with what Mr. Aaron said because EMR helps capture data at the point of care and then to integrate such data with various internal and external sources (Ammemworth, et.al., 2003). This type of data also helps provide support for the decisions of caregivers in terms of diagnosis as well as timely care. This data also ensures immediate access to key information, including allergies and medications which can help improve the caregiversââ¬â¢ ability to make sound and timely clinical decisions (Ammemworth, et.al., 2003).à seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-60249813059103434292020-01-29T06:21:00.001-08:002020-01-29T06:21:03.330-08:00Posthumus and Innogene Essay Example for Free Posthumus and Innogene Essay The following passage is from Shakespeareââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËCymbelineââ¬â¢ Act 4 Scene 2. In the quoted lines Innogen identifies Clotens to be Posthumus due to Posthumusââ¬â¢ garment worn by Clotens. Innogen looks at Clotensââ¬â¢ body and his garments and says ââ¬Å"I know the shape of`s leg; this is his handâ⬠. According to her, his foot is ââ¬ËMercurialââ¬â¢ and thighs ââ¬Å"Marcialââ¬â¢. From the first act the audience is accustomed to see a chaste Innogen who is attracted only to her husband, Postumus. However in this passage Innogene is made to speak admiring words about Clotens which is ironic to the audience. Her instant decision based on the garment is a kind of an amusement to the audience who is aware of the identity of the corpse. Innogene believes that she know Posthumus well enough to identify him without the head or the ââ¬Ëjovial faceââ¬â¢. The audience may expect better judgment from Innogene who till then did show good judgment in choosing Postumus to Clotens. This passage shows that Postumus and Clotens were more similar looking than Innogene would want to believe. These similarities are mentioned by Clotens in ââ¬Å"I mean, the lines of my body are as well drawn as his;â⬠in Act 4, Scene 1(9-10). She tries to see some logical reason for the gruesome murder of her husband. The first possibility that comes to her mind is Pisanioââ¬â¢s involvement. She suspects him to have revealed the details about Posthumous to Clotens. Everyone except Innogene knows that Pisanio has got nothing to do with this murder. Moreover Innogene is unable to think logically, for, if Pisanio was the culprit he may not have helped and sent her in pursuit of Posthumus. She concludes that Pisanio has joined with Clotens to kill Posthumus. In the passage Innogene call Clotens, ââ¬Å"irregulous devil Clotensâ⬠. Clotens is interested in marrying Innogen. When he found out that this was not possible because she chose to be the wife of Posthumus, Clotens decided to murder Posthumus and rape her. He goes to the wilderness in search of Posthumous with pure hatred in his heart. Nevertheless he wears Posthumusââ¬â¢ garments while seeking out Posthumus and Innogene. This is ironic that he chose to wear the dress of his opponent in subduing him. He may have thought this would be a nice way to torture Innogene with the thoughts of her dead husband when he uses force on her. This may heighten the misery. This however goes a long way to show the cruel nature of Clotens. On the other hand the audience sees that Posthumus is aggrieved for ordering the death of his wife. He is repentant and tries to seek his own punishment by surrendering as a Roman soldier in to the hand of British troops. During the battle he takes the side of his motherland and protects it from the enemy attack, fulfilling the duty of the son of the soil. Deception in costume plays its part here again when he dresses as an Englishman and fights with Iachimo. Posthumus and Clotens are two opposite forces juxtaposed to bring out their contrasting natures to intensify the final good over evil concept. However Innogenesââ¬â¢ misunderstanding in identifying the corpse is the climax of this parallelism. This is an important scene in this play due to the death of Clotens and his misidentification as Postumous. Clotens has been the shadow of Posthumus throughout the play. At every mention of Posthumus there is a direct comparison drawn with Clotens as both are interested in noble Innogene. Death of Clotens signifies the death of evil and victory of good. However at this stage not all threads in the play are brought to a conclusive end. Moreover the difference between both is so strong that it needs to have a lingering effect for some time until alls well. Hence this scene is a good device to conclude the play in a progressive gradation. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-65000047827292985332020-01-21T02:45:00.001-08:002020-01-21T02:45:03.216-08:00Personal Narrative - My Childhood Memories :: Papers PAIN! Lots of pain! I thought I was dying! I slammed into the ground my leg now at a very odd angle! I screamed! I heard footsteps running towards me screaming for me to answer, but I couldn't find the energy to do so! I closed my eyes and then I fainted! When I was small about six or seven years of age. I remember playing in our local park, on the biggest climbing frame I had ever seen. I would climb so high I'd swear I could reach the sky. I'd play for hours and hours everyday of the summer holidays. But one afternoon was enough to change my view of my climbing adventures of fun and fantasy forever. The excitement disappeared all because of one accident. The day began as usual with my mum taking me to the park to play on the climbing frame and to feed the ducks. My mum and I walked to the duck pond to feed the ducks. I was having a great time. There were big ducks, small ducks, fat ducks and thin ducks every kind of ducks you can imagine some did look pretty funny I remember telling my mom in Vietnamese as that time she didnââ¬â¢t know the English language very well. After feeding the ducks we headed for the climbing frame. I ran down to the climbing frame my mum in hot pursuit. I pushed through the gate as fast as I could, running towards the climbing frame. I quickly began to climb to the top. I could hear my mum below badgering me to slow down. I ignored her! Oh how I wish I'd listened to her instead. It happened all of a sudden, I lost my grip and fell painfully back down to earth I then recall waking up in an ambulance my head throbbing with pain. I felt my face with my shaking hand. My eyes were all wet, I'd been crying. As I opened my eyes a women peered kindly at me! "Hello," she said, "how are you feeling?" seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-13363736876131647052020-01-12T23:09:00.001-08:002020-01-12T23:09:03.516-08:00Everest report EssayThis report provides an in-depth analysis of the two Everest Simulations conducted by Group 10 of MGMT1001 Thursday Tutorial. This task required students to form teams consisting of five to six members whose goals were to summit Mount Everest. While it provided us with a rich experience in team dynamics and collaboration, it also enabled us to explore key managerial concepts taught in the course, consisting of: â⬠¢Communication â⬠¢Groups and Teams â⬠¢Leadership In this report, we examine the effectiveness of Face to Face Communication (FTFC) versus Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), and the problems encountered through the utilisation of the virtual medium including efficiency of the feedback system, loss of personal focus and other emergent issues. It includes personal reflections on attitudes and perceptions, as well as group performance and strategies adopted in the second Simulation in order to create a more positive team experience. Theories which relate to interpersonal communication have also been integrated in the report to illustrate its relation to certain situations encountered during the Simulation. Additionally, we provide a multifaceted analysis on the notion of team cohesiveness and how it attributes to better performance outcomes. An overview on the different intragroup conflicts encountered in the Simulation has been included, examining the positive and negative impact that conflict had on team experience and performance, and how mutual agreements were reached through the compromising of personal and team goals. Finally, we conclude the report with an analysis of the different leadership styles including directive and empowerment. In our case, a consensus system was agreed upon, which granted equal authority for decision-making. The report also includes a copy of the team contract which briefly outlines our approach to problems and policies for decision-making. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-79735152795615997122020-01-04T19:31:00.001-08:002020-01-04T19:31:02.493-08:00The Impact Of Information Technology On Society - 1264 Words The recent assigned reading included four essays by three authors: Yoneji Masada, Christopher May, and Neil Postman regarding the potential impact of information technology on society. This essay will (very) briefly summarize these and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of claims made by these three prominent technological futurists. Masada (1990) argues that the rise of information technology will bring about nothing short of a radically new and different society than the current (at the time of the paper) industrial society, a revolution. Most importantly, he believes that technology will be the driving force behind this, rather than humans. In his view humans adapt to the technology advancements. His 17 predictions can be grouped into three overarching themes shown in Table 1.1 in Masadaââ¬â¢s article (1990). The three patterns are Innovational Technology, Socioeconomic Structure, and Values. In essence, led by the relentless drive of information technology, human societyâ⠬â¢s social norms, behavior, and power structures built around factories and the production of physical products will evolve to a new society that will focus on producing information and services. This change will also lead to major changes in government and power elite as well as the shattering and disintegration of social classes that are based on socioeconomic status. Humans will move towards a more utopian society of social responsibility, self-discipline, globalism, and participatory democracy. TheShow MoreRelatedImpacts of Information Technology on Society1123 Words à |à 5 PagesBefore current technology came to the forefront, we had about seven basic modes of communication: telephone, telegraph wire, television, radio, mail, fax machines, eventually the pager (or beeper) and the grapevine---over the fence. Many of those technologies were barely old enough to be fully retired when telephonic mobility, the Internet and intranets came into play. Radio signals and wires, plus telephonic cabling, gave us the ability to transport and transfer tons of information faster than theRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Cultures1484 Words à |à 6 PagesFormerly, the impact on societies and cultures was limited by information technology advancements. Conversely, in the present time, information technology can be considered a part of every educational institutions, business, and even personal activity. This paper stands to give light to the growing influence of the information technology field and whether the development of a code of ethics would be advisable to focus on the challenges in the usage of information technology. Along with the intensificationRead MoreInformation Technology And Its Impact On Modern Society1952 Words à |à 8 PagesInformation technology touches almost every aspect of modern human life. It can help with diverse industries such as healthcare, petroleum and energy, finance etc. Information technology enables seamless integration and communication between businesses all over the world. To keep IT systems running smoothly, a large workforce is required to maintain networks, information security and software. With the constant innovation in IT, there is a plethora of varied jobs in this industry. The profiles rangesRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Legal Requisites1148 Words à |à 5 PagesIn this essay I will briefly talk about the experience I got while learning Information Technolo gy Professional and Society. I had great experience with my tutor Dr. Kyeong kang and tutorial members and best with my group members. I was an amazing life time experience of eight weeks and I tried my best to travel smoothly on this track. As I enrolled in ITPS subject I have learnt and grown from this subjects that I thought possible. 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When human beings are supposed to be free by nature, the truth is that we possess an obvious tendency to live under certain regimes that mark us and define us throughout our lives. We are creating in our own environment some features that enslave us but we are curiously interested to maintain. The essay is to support the idea that men,from birth, is victim of a consecutive series of technological regimes that has as a result an impact on society. It is aRead MoreEthical Issues Of Information Technology787 Words à |à 4 PagesProtection of personal data and information is the highest priority of the organization in order to retain the employees and customers and to achieve competitive advantage in the market. It is because through the protection of personal information of employees and customers, they are motivated to sustain the relationship with the companies and enjoy the working with the companies. The protection of personal information is also referred to the implementation of appropriate administrative, technicalRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Computer Technology1664 Words à |à 7 PagesThe impact of computer technology 1 Running Head: The impact of computer technology Life learning assignment for CIT 312 In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Bachelor of Business Administration Degree By Matthew Dotson Professor: Daniel Mays Cohort 19 July 22, 2008 The impact of computer technology 2 Has computer technology enhanced our society or has it crippled our ability to function ethically? Computer seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-45974267991097074772019-12-27T15:56:00.001-08:002019-12-27T15:56:03.839-08:00Comparing the Characters of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in... Comparing the Characters of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations by Dickens Miss Havisham is a bitter old woman. She wants to seek revenge on all men for the wrong that was done to her by one man. She lives in her clothes that she should have worn to her wedding and is surrounded by decaying things in a darkened room. Miss Havisham adopts a young girl Estella, whom she has planed to use her to seek revenge on all men. Miss Havisham is delighted in the way Estella torments Pip. This is shown in chapter 8 when Pip has just met Miss Havisham and Estella, when Miss Havisham asks Estella to play with him. Estella calls Pip a common labouring boy, Miss Havisham says to Estella Well? You canâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦When he meets Pip in London when he confesses that he is his benefactor, he is so proud in the gentleman he has created. He shows this in chapter 39 when Magwitch calls Pip master when Pip asks Magwitch if he would like to come in. It was as if he was not good enough to call him Pip or as he was a slave to Pip. Later on Magwitch says to Pip You acted noble, my boy. Noble, Pip! Magwitch also shows that he is proud of the gentleman he has made again in chapter 39 when he tells Pip Yes, Pip, dear boy, Ive made a gentleman on you! Its me wot has done it! I swore that time, sure as ever I earned a guinea, that guinea should go to youà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. Wot you kep life in, got his head so hig h that he could make a gentleman - and, Pip youre him! Magwitch says this in such a proud way, that he shows that he could not be any happier on the way Pip has turned out, a great gentleman. Pip realises that Magwitchs character has changed for the best and Pip forms a strong affection for the one he knew as a convict, is more like a second father to him. Magwitch loves Pip he feels that Pip is a replacement for the child he lost. Magwitch expresses that he feels like a second father for Pip in chapter 39 Magwitch says to Pip Lookee here, Pip. Im your second father. Youre my son - more to me nor any son. Ive put away money, only for you to spend. At the beginning of theShow MoreRelatedCreating Tension Through the Presentation of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations1182 Words à |à 5 PagesHow does Dickens create tension through his presentation of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations? Introduction ============ Great Expectations is about a young boy, Pip, who lives in a deprived town with his sister (Mrs Joe) and her husband (Mr Joe). Pip meets a fugitive, Magwitch and after meeting with this runaway he fears from his life. Pip is then summoned to go and play at Miss Havishamââ¬â¢s house. He then falls in love with Estella who chooses to ignore Pip, which makesRead MoreDickens Use of the Word Hand3157 Words à |à 13 PagesDickens Use of the Word Hand [Dickens] genius is descriptive; he can describe a thing so vividly#8212;and so influentially#8212;that no one can look at that thing in the same way again. John Irving The King of the Novel Descriptive Dickens Use of the Word Hand Charles Dickens description in Great Expectations is a telling example of why people consider him one of the greatest and most successful novelists ever. Dickens uses his talent for descriptive writingRead MoreDifferent Qualities of a Gentleman Portrayed by Charles Dickens in Great Expectations721 Words à |à 3 PagesQualities of a Gentleman Portrayed by Charles Dickens in Great Expectations In this essay I will be looking at how the different qualities of a gentleman is portrayed, by Charles Dickens, throughout Great Expectations. In the beginning of the story a gentleman is seen, through Pip, as someone with wealth, education and high social status. This materialistic definition of a gentleman can be seen in the description of the character Bentley Drummle, who clearly isnt a gentlemanRead MoreGreat Expectations and Jane Eyre: Comparing and Contrasting Two Bildungsromansâ⬠2090 Words à |à 9 Pages ââ¬Å"Great Expectations and Jane Eyre: Comparing and Contrasting Two Bildungsromansâ⬠Charles Dickens (the author of Great Expectations) and Charlotte Brontà « (the author of Jane Eyre) both grew up during the early 1800s. Growing up during the same time period, each author incorporated elements of the Victorian Society into these novels. Both novels depict the protagonistââ¬â¢s search for the meaning of life and the nature of the world within the context of a defined social order. In essence, the two novelsRead MoreGreat Expectations. How Does the Relationship Between Pip and Joe Change and Develop as the Novel Goes on? What Is Dickens Saying About Society at the Time?3642 Words à |à 15 PagesGreat Expectations is set in Victorian England. It is apparent when we read the novel that Charles Dickens expressed many of his own views when writing the narrative, using a strong authorial voice. This is particularly clear when he addresses certain issues concerning the social and cultural concerns of the time, and through Pips desire for social change. The development of the relationship between Pip and Joe is crucial in realising the complexity and importance of their relationship because seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-9603641688286670932019-12-19T11:45:00.001-08:002019-12-19T11:45:03.766-08:00Title IX ExampleEssays on Title IX Coursework Gender Equity in Athletics In my opinion, IX was a logical policy response to the problem of gender inequality. The policy played a big role in changing the wrong perception which the society had regarding women participating in sports. Athletics was perceived to be a male phenomenon and this contributed toa male dominated field. The IX policy changed this primitive and cultural framework which discriminated against women. The policy encouraged more women to come out strongly and participate in athletics. It also led to the emergence of major action and regulations that defended, acknowledged, and recognised the rights and potential of women. The policy emphasised on equality of men and women in sports (Messner, 2010).The Title IX did accomplish the intended goals for majority of women but it left some women out. Some women were held back by the stereotyped belief that sports was associated with masculinity and men.The Title IX impacted my life as I was also able to accept the fact t hat women just as men have the capacity to participate in sports and even do better.Girls and young women today are participating in sports more. This is because they have the freedom of participation and they are not held back by the prejudiced and discriminatory beliefs and cultures. Forty years ago, young women and girls viewed athletics as a male role. Participation of women in sports has changed their role in society over time. In the past women got perceived as homemakers who carried out domestic duties but today more and more women are participating in sports (Barra, 2012).Other social changes have also contributed to changes about the perception o women in sports. The education of girls also played a big role in encouraging girls to participate in sports and their other areas of talents. In the past girls were to remain at home but with education system they go to school and encouraged to participate in sports (Messner, 2010).ReferencesBarra, A. (2012, June 16). Before and A fter Title IX: Women in Sports. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/06/17/opinion/sunday/sundayreview-titleix-timeline.html?_r=0#/#time12_264Messner, M. A. (2010). Out of Play: Critical Essays on Gender and Sport. New York: SUNY Press. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-73648006471942794222019-12-11T08:28:00.001-08:002019-12-11T08:28:03.016-08:00Gas War (2040 words) Essay Example For Students Gas War (2040 words) Essay Gas WarGasoline is produced by a distillation process where crude oil is heated and fumes are captured and converted into many products such as kerosene, jet fuel, and gasoline to name a few. Therefore the price of crude oil, which is extracted from oil wells beneath the earths surface, is a major factor in gas prices. The five leading oil-producing countries and their approximate shares of the world supply of oil are: Soviet Union 21%, Saudi Arabia 17%, The United States 15%, Venezuela 4%, and Mexico 4%. These five countries made up 61 % of the worlds oil production back in 1980. Even though The United States is a major producer of oil, it does not make them self-sufficient. The United States uses more oil than they can produce and must look towards foreign countries. An organization called O. P.E.C. controls approximately four fifths of the worlds oil reserves in the non-communist world. The United States is forced to deal with O.P.E.C. , not only in its own interests, but also in the interest of its allies and in the interest of maintaining peace. The former Soviet Union may now have an interest in selling some of their oil that they have a tremendous amount of. O.P. E.C. which stands for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is made up of 13 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon. O. P.E.C. was founded in Baghdad, Iraq in September of 1960. It was organized in response to oil producing countries that did not consult with the Middle Eastern oil states before lowering their crude oil prices. The producers feared that other countries would establish monopolies. The aim of O.P. E.C. was to create a universal price between the countries, in order to ensure peace between oil producers throughout the world. O. P.E.C. also wanted to provide its members with technical and economic support in times of need, since not all the countries were completely stable. The headquarters were initially set in Geneva, but were later moved to Vienna in 1965. O.P.E. C.s goal was to establish firmly unified prices amongst their members, but the organization was not always successful. In their quest for control over the world market of oil production, they have ran into several obstacles and setbacks. O. P.E.C. has barely survived being eliminated due to internal conflicts amongst its members. Since O.P.E.C. almost has a strangle hold on the worlds oil supply, The United States is extremely concerned with the areas instability. The Middle East and the Persian Gulf area, where most of the members are located, are extremely prone to wars, both civil and cross borders, plagued by religious battles, and positions of power are frequently overthrown, making it hard for any stability to come out of the area. Any time there is chaos in the Middle East, The United States thinks back on ?memories of other troubles in the Persian Gulf area: the Arab oil embargo in 1973-74, the Iranian revolution in 1979-80 and Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait in 1990. (1) The area is also vital to our allies, who would be crippled without Gulf oil, whose livelihood we are dependent on. In 1973 O.P.E.C. raised oil prices 70%. The dominant Middle Eastern members of O.P.E. C. used succeeding price increases as a political weapon aimed at Western nations in retaliation for their support of Israel against its Arab neighbors in the so-called Yom Kippur War of October 1973. Prices were accordingly raised another 130% at the Tehran conference of December 1973, and a temporary embargo was placed on the United States and the Netherlands at the same time. Other prices increases followed in 1975, 1977, 1979, and 1980, which ultimately raised the price of a barrel of crude oil from United States $3. 00 in 1973 to $30.00 in 1980. (2) Almost every college student has heard stories from friends or relatives about the gas crunch in the 1970s. People waited in lines that stretched for miles, and could only get gas on certain days depending on the first letter of your last name. The Futiity Of Prostitution Laws Essay (4) It is rumored that their are supply tanks buried somewhere near the Gulf of Mexico that could support the country for 66 days if anything were to happen. The United States and other countries have been looking into alternative forms of energy in order to lower their dependency towards foreign oil. Money is being spent into researching solar, hydro, nuclear, and alternate forms of energy. Government regulations also create changes in gas prices. California has recently gone threw price increases at the pumps due to new legislation. The state is heavily overpopulated and has the worst smog of all the states. California gas stations are changing to a cleaner gas that will cause less air pollution, but will be more expensive. The increase is approximately 10-12 cents. That is the price Californians are going to have to pay for cleaner air. Another government regulation is aimed towards the refiners of the oil. The government is putting pressure to change from their winter grades which are oxygenated, to summer grades that have lower evaporability, helping the environment. These costs to switch fuel show up at the pumps, the public has to pay for governmental research and environmental precautions. The United States doesnt have it as bad as some other countries. The U.S. pays an average of $1. 21 per gallon of gasoline. Japan pays $5.35/gallon, Germany pays $4.04/gallon, The United Kingdom pays $3. 38/gallon and Mexico pays $1.55/gallon. All four are significantly more than the United States pays. Taxes are the largest component of the prices we pay at the pumps. Taxes were the single largest component cost of gasoline, amounting to 42.4 cents per gallon, including 18.4 cents per gallon in federal taxes, 22 cents per gallon in weighted average state taxes and an estimated 2 cents per gallon in local taxes. (5) The President of The United States of America, Bill Clinton, has on several occasions proposed to increase the taxes put on gas. In 1993 Clinton proposed a gas tax that raised the prices at the pumps by 7.5 cents per gallon, a 6% increase of the price. Then in 1996, Bill Clinton made a proposal to raise gas taxes by an additional 2.5%. Clinton wanted to raise prices 10 cents per gallon overall in his four years in office, all part of his deficit reduction plan. (6) Clintons entire campaign was based around not hurting the American people with taxes, but once in the white house, has made the record books with the highest amount of gasoline taxes ever. Taxes are so much a part of the prices we pay that ?in 1981 when pump prices where at an all time high of $2.27 per gallon, the taxes were just 27. 7 cents per gallon. The real cost of motor gasoline to consumers fell by about a dollar per gallon between 1981 and 1995, but over the same period federal, state and local motor gasoline taxes increased by nearly 15 cents per gallon. (7) Taxes in the United states have increased an average of 15.6% in the last three years. mThis chart shows some United States cities and the price increases. Many factors influence the prices of gasoline. Gasoline prices are affected by the price of crude oil in the world market, supply and demand for gasoline, local market competition, temporary supply interruptions, government regulations, or taxes. Everyday new things can happen to change the prices that American consumers pay at the pumps. The United States is dependent on foreign oil and must continue to ensure stability in the Middle East, or until we have found alternate sources of energy. Taxes will continue to climb due to the rise of government control. Regulations will continue to become stricter until gasoline usage is more environmentally friendly. It looks as if gas prices will continue to fluctuate, but over time will tend to rise.Bibliographyno commentEconomics Essays seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-17909260306255251482019-12-03T20:09:00.001-08:002019-12-03T20:09:03.993-08:00United Arab Emirates Economy Based on the socio-economic indicators such as HDI, GDP growth and GDP per capita, we notice that the United Arab Emirates is a highly developed economy that has grown quite rapidly over recent years. Since 2004 when the GDP of the UAE grew by 11.9 percent, it has continued to grow at high rates over the years. In 2010, however, the growth rate fell and hit an all-time low of -1.6 percent. This was attributed to the crisis in Dubai, which ended up affecting the rest of the Emirates (Anderson, Anderson, Cool, 2010). Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United Arab Emirates Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was after the property prices plummeted after the government construction company, Dubai World, sought to delay debt payments. The GDP, however, seemed to bounce back when they registered a 1.4 percent growth rate in the first half of 2011. The earlier growth was credited to the diversification of the economy where there was reduced reliance on natural resources as the manufacturing, construction and the services sector grew. The GDP per capita on the other hand, has also been rising rapidly as the wealth of the UAE increases. It is, however, not the leading country in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), as far as its GDP is concerned. Among the MENA countries, it is third behind Qatar, which is first and Kuwait, which is second. This has been a direct result of diversification which has made both local and foreign labor to be on demand, which means high incomes for workers (Gonzalez, 2008). It has one of the highest Human Development Indexes (HDI) in the world, which was calculated to be 0.846 in 2011. It is argued that the UAE has the highest average income per person in the world since it recorded over US$ 1 trillion in foreign investments in its assets. The city of Abu Dhabi has been rated as the worldââ¬â¢s richest city by CNN with a GDP, measured by purchasing power parity, of US$ 400.4 billion (Elsheshtawy, 2011). This makes the UAE one of the best places to invest. This has been promoted by adoption of foreign investment policies that have made it one of the best places to trade, with the Dubai International Financial Center offering 55.5 percent ownership to foreign investors. There was also the review of investment tax laws which were borrowed from some of the worldââ¬â¢s greatest financial centers, and this has led to companies basing their international operations in Dubai. The huge foreign investments have led to a construction boom with huge real estate projects being commissioned (Gorgenlà ¤nder, 2011). With the growth in the economy the government has had to invest heavily in infrastructure especially in the transport and energy sectors. With the diversification of the economy there was the formation of the Abu Dhabi investment company, which is one of the UAEââ¬â¢s greatest sources of foreign exchange. Advertising Looki ng for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It manages over US$ 360 billion in overseas investments as well as over US$ 900 billion in assets. It was, however, estimated that the UAE held over US$ 128.6 billion in external debts and it has been the mandate of the government to ensure that this doesnââ¬â¢t grow any further. Though this is not a high number when compared to other world economies, it is still significant considering that the UAE economy is still young and growing. With the commissioning of massive real estate projects as well as huge investments in the services industry, the economy of the UAE is destined to grow even further in coming years. This will further be boosted by the increased confidence by foreign investors in the UAE as an investment destination which over time has led to increased incomes. References Anderson, W, Anderson, L, Cool, I. (2010). An atlas of Middle Eastern affa irs. New York: Taylor Francis. Elsheshtawy, Y. (2011). The evolving Arab city: tradition, modernity and urban development. New York: Routledge. Gonzalez, G. (2008). Facing human capital challenges of the 21st century: education and labor market initiatives in Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. New York: Rand Corporation. Gorgenlà ¤nder, V. (2011). A Strategic Analysis of the Construction Industry in the United Arab Emirates: Opportunities and Threats in the Construction Business. New York: Verlag. This report on United Arab Emirates Economy was written and submitted by user Vaughn Stone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-24096127755896719022019-11-27T18:44:00.001-08:002019-11-27T18:44:05.059-08:00Philosophy Of Mind Essays - Philosophy Of Artificial Intelligence Philosophy Of Mind In this paper I plan to show that Searle is correct in claiming that his Chinese Room Analogy shows that any Turing machine simulation of human understanding of a linguistic phenomenon fails to possess any real understanding. First I will explain the Chinese Room Analogy and how it is compared to a Turing machine. I will then show that the machine can not literally be said to understand. A Turing machine has a infinite number of internal states, but always begins a computation in the initial state go. Turing machines can be generalized in various ways. For example many machines can be connected, or a single machines may have more than one reader-printer under command of the control. The machines are set to accept input and give output based on the type of input given. When comparing the Turing machine simulation of understanding to actual human understanding you ca see the story given as input, and the answers to questions about the story as output. In the Chinese Room Analogy Searle supposed that he was locked in a room with a large batch of Chinese writing referred to as "scripts". By using the term "script" it is meant to say that this first batch of Chinese writing is the original or principal instrument or document. Further more in this case he is said not to know any Chinese, either written or spoken. The Chinese writing is described by Searle as " meaningless squiggles". Next he is presented with a second batch of Chinese writing referred to as a "story". The term story here is meant to describe the second batch to be an account of incidents or events that will be used to make a statement regarding the facts pertinent to the incidents or events that will follow. Accompanied with the second batch of writing is a set of written rules written in English that is meant to be used for correlating the two batches called a "program". The "program" given to Searle is meant to used as a printed outline of a particular order to be followed to correlate the Chinese symbols. The rules, or the "program", will allow Searle to correlate the symbols entirely by their shape. Finally a third batch of Chinese symbols is presented along with further instructions in English, referred to as "questions". The "questions" are implemented as a way to interrogate Searle in such a manner that his competence in the situation will be given. These "questions" allow the third batch to be correlated with the first two batches. It is supposed in this analogy that after a while he becomes so good at following the instructions to manipulate the symbols, while giving the correct answers, that is becomes impossible for a man from outside the direct point of view to distinguish his answers from that of a native Chinese speaker. The Chinese Room Analogy goes a step further when he is given large batches of English, called "stories", which he of course understands as native English speaker. The story in this case is to be used just as it was in the previous case, to describe the batch as an account of incidents or events that will be used to make a statement regarding the facts pertinent to the incidents or events that will follow. Much like the case with the Chinese writing questions are asked in English and he is able to answer them, also in English. These answers are indistinguishable from that of other native English speakers, if for no other reason that he is a native speaker himself. The difference here is that in the Chinese case, Searle is only producing answers based on manipulation of the symbols of which have no meaning to him, and in the English case answers are given based on understanding. It is supposed that in the Chinese case, Searle behaves as nothing more than a computer, performing operations on formally specified elements. An advocate of the strong AI (Artificial Intelligence) claim that if a question and answer sequence much like the case with the Chinese symbols, a machine is not only simulating human ability but also that the machine can be said to literally understand a story and provide answers to questions about them. Searle declares that in regard to the first claim where machine can literally be said to understand a story and provide answers, that this is untrue. Obviously in the Chinese Room Analogy even though the inputs and outputs are indistinguishable from that of native Chinese speaker Searle seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-76257439583220541042019-11-24T02:19:00.001-08:002019-11-24T02:19:05.011-08:00Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic DevelopmentForeign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development Introduction According to the definition presented by Borensztein and Gregorio (1997), foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process through which a corporation directly invests in a nation other than its parent country. On the other hand, Graham (1991) defined foreign direct investment as the process through which a company purchases or constructs tangible assets in a foreign nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These assets can be in the form of land, processing plants, machineries, equipments, buildings and so on. From these definitions, it is evident that FDI is a process through which a corporation invests in a foreign counry. In the process, both the corporation and the host nation benefit from this process in terms of economic gains. The concept of foreign direct investment has been present for several decades no w. Between 1985 and 1988 for instance, foreign direct investment within the United States of America increased from $47 billion to $139 billion (Graham, 1991). This remarkable increase in foreign direct investment was attributed to the high level of commercial inflow within the nation. Toyota is a prime example of a company that increased its investments in the automobile industry in the United States during the 1980s. As a result, therefore, the level of foreign ownership in the United States has increased tremendously. On the other hand, foreign direct investments have facilitated the economic growth of many countries especially in developing nations. Despite the fact that foreign direct investments do not have a huge impact on the capital gains of these nations, their resulting impacts on their economic growth has been changing over the years especially because there are alternative sources of finance to support FDIs in developing nations. Given these facts, therefore, this paper will focus on the impacts of FDIs on the virtuous circle of economic development. To achieve this, the paper will analyze the impacts that FDIs have on the economy of a given nation and the resultant effects. The Impacts of FDI on the Host Nation In the modern world, FDIs play an important role in maintaining and developing the economies of developed nations, emerging economies, countries that are in transition as well as developing nations (Tulug, 2004). FDIs increase the level of employment within the host nation, bring about modernization and technological development, enhance the level of international trade, increase the level of competition among domestic companies and play a critical role in the development of human capital formation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other than achieving economic success, FDIs are also helpful in achieving social needs of ho st nations. Through social corporate responsibility schemes, FDIs can introduce modern technologies that are safe for the environment. At the same time, these corporations can start up programs that aim at alleviating common social problems such as drug abuse, HIV/AIDS prevention and management and so on. However, the success of FDIs highly relies on the policies that have been put in place by the host nation. These policies are essential in determining the relationship that will exist between the corporation, the host nation and the native population. The presence of well-defined policies is thus essential to ensure that the roles of each stakeholder are as well as the goals and objectives of the initiative have been clearly defined. Poor policies on the other hand might reduce the profitability of FDIs. The balance of payments might also be affected. Consequently, conflicts might arise between the host nation and investing corporations. At the same time, the native community might have negative attitudes and perceptions towards FDIs especially if they do not benefit either directly or indirectly from them. Therefore, to ensure that FDIs are successful in the short run and in the long run, a balance needs to be achieved between the benefits and shortcomings that can be accrued. It is as a result of this fact that several models have been developed to ensure that a virtuous circle of economic development is achieved. These models will not only guarantee that the goals and objectives of that have been set up through FDIs are achieved but also the economy of the host nation grows and develops at a remarkable rate. FDI and Economic Growth It has always been asserted that FDIs play a critical role in increasing the level of productivity and income in the host nation. However, it is difficult to ascertain precisely how FDIs achieve these goals (OECD, 2002). From studies that have been conducted, it is evident that FDIs have a huge economic impact as compared to loc al investments within the host nation. Thus, for FDIs to be successful, they have to venture into the market and the economy of the host nation as Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) (OECD, 2002). However, the effect that MNEs have on the economy of developing nations is somehow different. As Easterly (2003) asserted, the level of economic growth in developing nations is relatively low in terms of the impacts arising from MNEs as compared to the economies of developed nations. This trend has been attributed to the fact that fact that the level of education, technology, and infrastructural development in developing nations have not reached an optimum level to enable their economies to benefit fully from FDIs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, the impaired financial markets of developing nations act as a barrier to economic development. Therefore, to achieve a virtuous circle of economic development, it has always been advised that either MNEs should initiate and be involved directly or indirectly in processes that will result in the development of infrastructure and improvement in the financial sector in host countries. FDI and Trade The goal of any nation is to achieve economic sustainability in the short run and in the long run. Industrialization is one of the avenues that play a critical role in achieving this goal. The level of industrialization in developing countries is very low. These nations import more than what they export. Such nations will therefore benefit from inward FDI contributions. Inward FDI is essential as it integrates the economy of developing nations by enhancing their level of foreign trade. Through MNEs, developing nations tend to develop strong international networks in different industrial segments. Ultimately, these networks will boost the manner and level in w hich developing nations distribute, market, and sell their products at local and international levels. However, for all this to be realized, host nations need to have sound policies that will attract MNEs into their countries and support import and export processes (OECD, 2002). To support the trading activities of host nations, host nations need to improve their level of exports to ensure that a desirable balance of payments is achieved. Through inwards investments, FDIs can overcome the financial constrain of host nations through resource endowments (OECD, 2002). Here, MNEs explore and utilize the natural resources present in the host nation in a sustainable, effective and efficient manner hence increasing exports. The establishment of export processing zones (EPZ) has also enhanced the level of trade between host nations and the international community by increasing the level of imports and exports. From this analysis, therefore, it is evident that FDIs play a critical role in en hancing the trade within host nations. FDI and Technology Transfers Technology transfer has always been regarded as the most important contribution of FDIs to host nations (OECD, 2002). In most cases, MNEs have superior technology as compared the domestic industries. Therefore, with the presence of modern technology, the processes of producing, distributing and salling of goods and services within and outside the host nation will be enhanced. Vertical integration is one of the channels through which technology spillovers from MNEs can become beneficial within the host nation. Here, MNEs impart the knowledge regarding new technologies to suppliers and purchases within the host nation through training, and provision of technical assistance that will ultimately modernize and upgrade the production process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process, the quality of goods and services produced within the nation are improved. Horizontal spillover is also another channel through which MNEs can introduce new technologies within the host nation where other firms within the same industry will benefit. However, due to competition, the rates of horizontal spillovers are usually low. However, for the host nation to benefit from technology transfer, the new technologies that have been introduced by the MNEs need to be in line with its business operations (OECD, 2002). Consequently, the difference in the level of technology between MNEs and domestic industries needs to be low. In the case where this difference is wide, firms within the host nation may fail to fully absorb the newly introduced technologies. FDI and Human Capital Enhancement Unlike the other FDI benefits that have a direct impact on the economy of the host nation, the impact that FDIs have on human capital investment is indirect. Consequently, it has been ide ntified that MNEs play a minimal role in enhancing human capital within the host nation (Tulug, 2004). It is thus the responsibility of the government of the host nation to ensure that its population is highly qualified and skilled to provide the established MNEs with the human capital that they require to support their operations. Therefore, scholars regard this practice as a strategy for host nations to attract FDI in their countries. However, once MNEs have been established, they usually offer training and extension services to their employees. This is essential as it improves the skills and knowledge of the local population. As Borensztein and Gregorio (1997) asserted, there are individuals who use the skills, knowledge, and experience that they have acquired from MNEs to start up their own enterprises. However, just like in the case of technology, the education gap between MNEs and the host nation should be minimal to ensure the spillover process is effective and successful in the short run and in the long run. To achieve this, it is advised that the host nation should educate its people to meet the skills and requirements that might arise as a result of setting up MNEs. FDI and Competition Through FDI, MNEs exert a lot of pressure on the host nationsââ¬â¢ markets. Competition always exerts pressure on the firms that are currently operating in a given market. Therefore, the entrance of MNEs in a given industry will greatly enhance the level of competition the respective industry. However, it has always been stated that due to the influence that they have, MNEs outcompete domestic firms. This eventually leads to their exit of domestic firms from the market (OECD, 2002). However, recent results from empirical studies that have been conducted by several scholars reveal that increased competition has positive impacts on the economy of host nations since it increases the level of productivity, reduces the selling price, and supports the equitable distributi on of resources within the industry. All these factors play a critical role in establishing a stable and sustainable economy in the short run and in the long run. Therefore, host nations need to come up with policies that will increase the ease at which MNEs can enter into their markets. Conclusion In the modern economy, FDIs play a critical role in the development and growth the global economy. However, developing nations have not fully benefited from the presence of FDIs within their economies. Therefore, with proper policies in place, FDIs will play a critical role in enhancing trade in developing nations at national and international levels, improve their level of technology, enhance their human capital, and increase the level of competition. As a result, their production levels will be increased and firms will operate in an effective and efficient manner hence supporting economic growth and development through maximization of profits, improved balance of payments, stability of domestic industries as well as MNEs and an increased support from the local community. This will ensure the sustainability of the host nationââ¬â¢s economy in the short run and in the long run. References Borensztein, E and Gregorio, J 1997, How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth. Web. Easterly, W 2003, ââ¬ËHow much do distortions affect growthââ¬â¢, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 187ââ¬â212 Graham, E 1991, Foreign direct investment in the United States, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC OECD 2002, Foreign direct investment for development: Maximizing benefits, minimizing costs, viewed on oecd.org/investment/investmentfordevelopment/1959815.pdf Tulug, O 2004, ââ¬ËWhat drives foreign direct investment into emerging marketsââ¬â¢, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, vol. 40 no. 4, pp. 101-114. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-44860175702024933532019-11-21T06:22:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:22:07.188-08:00Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Scientists and researchers have continually been trying to develop ways in order for society to have healthier lives. The use of stem cells may be one of the best answers yet. ââ¬Å"Stem cells hold a lot of promise to cure many nasty diseases.â⬠(Cline) There should be no debate on its application. Indeed, there is an ethical issue to be resolved. Nevertheless, if the stem cells were to be used to further life, I think the ethical issue surrounding this side of stem cell research should easily be resolved. If not, then other scientific approaches to furthering life that are being practiced now such as organ transplant should be paused as well until a decision is made on stem cell research. When a person is in a coma, doctors and family depend on brain activity to determine progress. This goes to show how important the brain is for a person to function well. As such, cures for neurological diseases should be of utmost concern. If stem cell research appears to be the answer, why not seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-16953685494846027872019-11-20T06:32:00.001-08:002019-11-20T06:32:03.914-08:00Data Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsData Analysis - Research Paper Example Central tendency of the number of new cases every year is measured using the mean value. The mean of new cases among all 19 age groups are 6288 new case per year. The range of new cases is 19,477 with minimum number of case equal to 60 and maximum value equal to 19,537 for the ages between 70 and 74. Dispersion is measured by value of standard deviation of the data. Standard deviation is 6621 new case per year. Skewness measures the degree and direction of asymmetry of the data. The value of skewness is .628 indicating the data is positively skewed. The following histogram shows the number of new cases for male and females for the different age groups. It is evident from the graph that 18 age groups for male or female has less than 2500 new cases of cancer every year. The mean and standard deviation are considered the best measure of central tendency and dispersion of the data. Most of the data is included in the range around the mean by the value of the standard deviation. seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-62168736010176727112019-11-17T19:24:00.001-08:002019-11-17T19:24:04.424-08:00Evaluation Measures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsEvaluation Measures - Research Paper Example These groups constitute a major part in this Association, and it is through their help and support that the Association is able to carry out its activities. The Association is keen on implementing its goals in order to meet the 7 Measures of success. Professional practice standards are high to ensure trust from the customer Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP). (2012). This shows that customer service is well catered for by the association. Members follow certain guidelines and principles to ensure the services they give out are in line with the mission. The Association also has member discounts for those joining the association. The Association also has a fundraising executive (CEO), who presides over the meetings and other programs to ensure mission achievement. The members engage in discussion and dialogue every once in a while to ensure that the association does not part from its mission. They offer research, education and certification programs to ensure growth. They also have national discussion groups and offer career guidance and management. The AFP mission statement is; ââ¬Å"The Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) Greater Cleveland Chapter is the recognized leader for advancing philanthropy by empowering fundraisers to serve throughout the regionâ⬠(Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP), 2012). Alliance building in the Association is strategized in order for it to accomplish its targets. AFP teams up with other groups, known and unknown, and use that opportunity to pass the philanthropic message. The Alliance building starts with the coming together of individuals and groups having different ideas and perceptions about the work being done (Asae, 2012). With time, all the parties involved come to understand and share the Association vision and values. With this, a powerful association is built, one with both political power to influence others and a need to show social justice. Alliance seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4929967464336056945.post-41421125719856663192019-11-15T07:56:00.001-08:002019-11-15T07:56:03.521-08:00Organisation structure of the bakhresa group of companiesOrganisation structure of the bakhresa group of companies Identify the strand of organisation structure and innovation approach used by the Bakhresa Group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa Group? Among the two which one is more suitable to innovation and why? How can Bakhresa Group manage the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency? Discuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa Group. Explain the key individual roles within the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa Group. How did Bakhresa Group establish innovative environment that propagates the virtuous circle of innovation? Explain its features. This is a case study analysis report of the Bakhresa Group of companies of Tanzania, with special focus of its innovation management that led it to achieve a remarkable growth and market leadership in the country and beyond. Bakhresa Group is one of the leading Industrial Houses in Tanzania, East Africa. Started in a humble manner with a small restaurant in the Port City of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in mid-seventies, it has now emerged as a respected business group in the Region. The Group has its operations spread in Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia and most recently in Mozambique. Plans are in place to spread its wings to other countries. The group now boasts of a turnover of more than Three Hundred Million United Sates Dollars and is a proud employer of more than two thousand employees associated directly. There are several companies under its umbrella and have investments mainly in Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate. The study will analyse the role of organisation structure, the organisational characteristics in general and individual roles that propagate and facilitate innovative environment within the Bakhresa group and how successfully they have managed it. The analysis is based on the hand-out information about the group prepared for this purpose, as well as the Bakhresa Group website (2010). Most of the concepts and theories that precedes each item of analysis are based on the textbook by Paul Trott-Innovation Management and New product Development -4th Edition (2008); others textbooks and websites have been used to complement the mentioned references. This report starts by providing background information about the group, regarding its organisations; products and services in section one. To be followed by five sections one for each analysis item, that is; organisation structure and innovation, managing the tension between the need for efficiency and creativity, organisational characteristics that facilitate innovation, the key individual roles within the innovation process and establishing an innovative environment that propagate virtuous circle. BACKGROUND BAKHRESA GROUP OF COMPANIES TANZANIA Bakhresa Group is composed of Said Salim Bakhresa Co.s, Bakhresa Food Products ltd and large collection of other companies of various industries such as transport and logistics and real-estate. The group started in 1980s and ever since it has steadily been expanding its borders from Tanzania to the neighbouring countries and has been gaining a lot of market force over time. The group currently operates in the Tanzania, Malawi, Uganda, Mozambique, Zambia and Zanzibar Mission To increase and sustain the living standards of Africans by providing them with essential products and services of global quality at affordable prices. To exceed customers expectations through innovation and harnessing technology. Vision To be one of the internationally respected and professionally managed companies in the African Continent. To spread our wings to the other parts of the globe. Their values include passion for success, commitment to stakeholders and employees as well as mutual trust and social responsibility. Figure 1. Subsidiaries companies under Bakhresa Group Source (Bakhresa.com 2010) In the Bakhresa Group, the organization is treated as an instrument for achieving established goals, in which the members of the organization are made to serve these goals and rewards are given to motivate them. The organization structure contributes to the dominance of the technology-push model of innovation. On the one hand Bakhresa Group requires stability and static routines to accomplish the daily tasks efficiently and quickly and on the other hand, Bakhresa Group also needs to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in future and it needs to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. The channel of communication is highly structured, there is restricted information flow, and operating styles are uniform and restricted. Authority for decision is based on formal line management position and the management is reluctant to adapt to changing circumstances. The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long-term growth rather than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities. The Bakhresa Group engages commercial scanner, gatekeeper and project leader and sponsor to facilitate the innovation process. The Bakhresa Group, given the importance of innovation, has spent enormous sums of money trying to develop an environment that fosters innovation. The Bakhresa Group is aware of developing a reputation for innovation which helps propagate a virtuous circle that reinforces Groups abilities. The Bakhresa Group has established companies dealing with variety of products from manufacturing of Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate and has become a market leader because of innovation and entrepreneurship. Figure 2 below shows a variety of products/ services offered by the Bakhresa group. Source (Bakhresa.com 2010) The new and different product added to the list of achievements marks the creativeness abilities and adds to value, and enhance the competitive edge of the company. For example, the launching of state of the art packaging industries for food and beverage products as well as the technological advancement on the telecommunication via satellites. 1. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURES AND INNOVATION Identify the strand of organisation structure and innovation approach used by the Bakhresa Group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa Group? Among the two which one is more suitable to innovation and why? Organizational Structures Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure. In an organization of any size or complexity, employees responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. (Referenceforbusiness 2010) Innovation Innovation is the act of developing a new process or product and introducing it to the market. It is essentially an entrepreneurial act, whether it takes place in a start-up firm, a large organization, a not-for-profit, or a public-sector agency. Innovation means change: sometimes radical change, such as the development of the computer, and sometimes incremental change, such as the modification of existing computer software (Referenceforbusiness 2010) Innovation is the act of introducing something new or doing something in a different way. Innovation in business differs from creativity in that the latter is generally associated with the generation of new ideas. In contrast, innovation refers to taking those new ideas and actually implementing them in the marketplace. Thus, creativity is simply one element of the innovation process through which new ideas lead to new products, procedures, or services. Business scholars often attribute company success to innovation. Because of growingà international competition,à innovation became even more vital for companies toward the end of the 20th century (Referenceforbusiness 2010) Organizational Structures and Innovation The structure of an organization is the sum total of ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them. One of the problems is recognizing that different groups within an organization behave differently and interact with different parts of the wider external environment. None the less, there have been numerous useful studies exploring the link between the organizational structure and innovative performance. (Trott 2008) Organizational structures can be sorted between organic and mechanistic. Organizational cultural also plays a big role when implementing change. Some resistance forces we are likely to encounter are within our organization. Once the organizational structure and cultural attribute is determined then the designing process can begin. Organic and mechanistic are on different ends of the spectrum. In contingency theory, the term organic structure is used to describe an organizational structure that is designed to promote flexibility so that employees can initiate change and adapt quickly to changing conditions (George Jones, 2005, p. 508). This flexible structure is more like a team environment in which all the employees are able to handle any of the tasks. In contingency theory, the term mechanistic structure is used to describe an organizational structure that is designed to induce employees to behave in predictable, accountable ways (George Jones, 2005, p. 508). All of the employees working in a mechanistic structure have assigned duties that they must perform and are prohibited to take on additional duties unless they are told so by management.(associated content 2010) Through their Theory of Mechanistic and Organic Systems, Tom Burns and G.M. Stalker (1961) have provided a way to understand which organization forms fit to specific circumstances of change or stability. In their highly influential work The Management of Innovation, they provide the following characteristics of Mechanic vs. Organic Systems: Mechanistic vs Organic Organization Structure Mechanistic Organization Formà / Management System Organic Organization Formà / Management System Appropriate Conditions Stable Changing Distribution of tasks Specialized differentiation of functional tasks into which the problems and tasks facing a concern as a whole are broken down Contributive nature of special knowledge and experience to the common task of the concern Nature of Individual task The abstract nature of each individual task, which is pursued with techniques and purposes more or less distinct from those of the concern as a whole: i.e., the functionaries tend to pursue the technical improvements of means, rather than the accomplishment of the ends of the concern The realistic nature of the individual task, which is seen as set by the total situation of the concern Who (re)defines tasks The reconciliation, for each level in the hierarchy, of these distinct performances by the immediate superiors, who are also, in turn, responsible for seeing that each is relevant in his own special part of the main task The adjustment and continual redefinition of individual tasks through interaction with others Task scope The precise definition of rights and obligations and technical methods attached to each functional role The shedding of responsibility as a limited field of rights, obligations and methods (problems may not be posted upwards, downwards or sideways as being someone elses responsibility) How is task conformance ensured The translation of rights and obligations and methods into the responsibilities of a functional position The spread of commitment to the concern beyond any technical definition Structure of control, authority and communication Hierarchic, Contractual Network, Presumed Community of Interest Locating of knowledge Reinforcement of the hierarchic structure by the location of knowledge of actualities exclusively at the top of the hierarchy, where the final reconciliation of distinct tasks and assessment of relevance is made Omniscience no longer imputed to the head of the concern; knowledge about the technical or commercial nature of the here and now may be located anywhere in the network Communication between members of concern Vertical; i.e., between superior and subordinate Lateral; i.e., between people of different rank, resembling consultation rather than command Governance for operations and working behavior Instructions and decisions issued by superiors Information and advice rather than instructions and decisions Values Insistence on loyalty to the concern and obedience to superiors as a condition of membership Commitment to the concerns task and to the technological ethos of material progress and expansion is more highly valued than loyalty and obedience Prestige Greater importance and prestige attaching to internal (local) than to general (cosmopolitan) knowledge, experience, and skill Importance and prestige attach to affiliations and expertise valid in the industrial and technical and commercial milieux external to the firm It is evident that among the two organisation structures, the Organic one is more suitable for promoting and fostering innovation within an organization as it encourages creativity; has values of Commitment to the concerns task and to the technological ethos of material progress and expansion that mostly requires creativeness and new innovations; allow free flow of communication and flexibility and adaptation to changing circumstances; The Bakhresa group seems to follow the Mechanistic organization structure, because their channel of communication is highly structured, there is restricted information flow, and operating styles are uniform and restricted. Authority for decision is based on formal line management position and the management is reluctant to adapt to changing circumstances. Mechanistic organization structure tends to offer a less suitable environment for managing the creativity and the innovation process. Because of its degree of formalisation, centralisation, Size and complexity of its organisation, Formalisation There is some evidence of an inverse relationship between formalization and innovation. That is an increase in formalization of procedures will result in a disease in innovative activity. Complexity Where these are several different type of professional groups are working in an organization, it would represent a complex organization Centralisation It refers to the decision making activity and the location of power within an organization. In a decentralized organization fewer levels of hierarchy are usually required: This tends to lead to more responsive decision making closer to the action. Organisational Size A small business with fewer employees differs significantly on terms of resources from an organization which is big size is a proxy variable for more meaningful dimensions such as economic and organization resources, including number of employees. (Trott 2010) MANAGEMENT TEAM BOARD OF DIRECTORS STRUCTURE Chairman, Bakhresa Group of Companies SAID SALIM AWADH BAKHRESA is the founding father and the Chairman of the Bakhresa Group Of Companies. He is a well-known industrialist in the mainland of Tanzania and island of Zanzibar. With a humble beginning as a small restaurateur in seventies, he created the business empire within a span of three decades. He is the mastermind behind the success of all the businesses within the group. His vision and excellent managerial skills contributed to the growth of this group to great heights. Executive Director of SS Bakhresa Co. ltd MOHAMED SAID BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling (Uganda) Limited and is the Executive Director Of Said Salim Bakhresa Company Limited. He is also holding Director-Ship in most of the Group Companies. Mr Mohamed is a graduate in finance, law and accounting from Southbank University, United Kingdom. He is a well-known industrialist in Uganda and Tanzania and is successfully managing Bakhresa Grain Milling (Uganda) Limited, which is the largest wheat milling industry in Uganda. Mr Mohamed is also actively involved in the policy decision making process of the Bakhresa Group Of Companies. Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling ltd ABUBAKAR SAID SALIM BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling (Malawi) Limited and Bakhresa Grain Milling (Mozambique) Limitada. He also acts as Executive Director of Said Salim Bakhresa Co. Ltd. Mr. Abubakar has done his B.Sc in Business Administration, majoring in Finance from Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA. He is primarily involved in the wheat milling businesses of the Group and looks after the wheat procurement for the Group. Executive Director of Logistic Division of Bakhressa Group OMAR SAID SALIM BAKHRESA, a Mechanical Engineer, is the Executive Director in charge of the Logisitic Division of Said Salim Bakhresa Co Ltd. He has over a decade of experience in logistics transportation industry. Managing Director of Bakhresa Food Products Ltd YUSUF SAID SALIM BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Food Products Limited and is holding Director-Ship in other Group Companies. He is actively involved in the day to day operations of Bakhresa Food Products, which is based in Tanzania and is successfully managing its operations. Senior Management Each Group Company/Division is professionally managed by a full complement of local/expatriate managers having expertise in their respective fields. Regardless of the mechanistic structure in use by the Bakhresa Group, its great achievements are obviously due to its continuous innovation in new products and new markets. One can conclude that due to the large size and complexity organisation of the Group as a whole, it is necessary to apply the centralisation and formalisation. But the style of operations and management at the subsidiary companies level may be allowing certain flexibility that is promoting creativity and innovation. 2. MANAGING THE TENSION BETWEEN THE NEED FOR CREATIVITY AND EFFICIENCY How can Bakhresa Group manage the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency? The Dilemma of Innovation Management Within virtually all organizations there is a fundamental tension between the need for stability and the need for creativity. On the one hand, companies require stability and static routines to accomplish daily tasks efficiently and quickly. This enables the organization to compete today. For example processing of millions of cheques by banks every day or delivery of food and beverage products by multiples to their retail outlets all over the country by the Bakhresa Food Products Ltd, demands high levels of efficiency and control. On the other hand, companies also need to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in the future. Hence they need to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. This poses one of the most fundamental problems for management today. That is managing the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency. Efficiency gains The efficient day to day operations within an organization require stable routines which can be achieved in stable and controlled environments The development of new products/services requires creativity and room to try out new ideas this is achieved in a loose and flexible environment Creativity gains Take any medium to large company and examine its operations and activities. Every company has to ensure that their products are carefully manufactured to precise specifications and that they are delivered for customers on time day after day. In this hectic, repetitive and highly organized environment, the need to squeeze out any slack or inefficiencies is crucial to ensure a firms costs are lower than their competitors. However the long-term economic growth is dependent on the ability of firms to make improvements to products and manufacturing processes. This means that the firms need to make room for creativity and innovation, that is, allow slack in the system. Here then is the dilemma: how do firms try to reduce costs and slack to improve competitiveness on the one hand and then try to provide slack for innovation on the other? The firm has to do balancing: The firm needs to ensure there is a constant pressure to drive down costs and improve efficiency in its operations. At the sa me time it needs to provide room for new product development and improvements to be made the most obvious way forward is to separate production from R D. However there are many improvements and innovations that arise out of the operations of the firm. On the one hand Bakhresa Group requires stability and static routines to accomplish the daily tasks efficiently and quickly and on the other hand, Bakhresa Group also needs to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in future and it needs to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. The Bakhresa group has shown that it can effectively manage this tension by the way it has been producing new and innovative products, while also managing to efficiently distribute its food products throughout the region. The diversification of the industry by entering into new businesses that support or complement existing businesses, such as manufacturing of packaging products by the Omar Packaging industries, as well as diversification of product range in the juice factories; at the same time the Group timely deliveries through its wide distribution network and logistic system shows that the Bakhresa Group well manages the tension between the need for need for creativity and efficiency. The group can do better management of this tension by ensuring that there is just enough slack at the subsidiaries or functional organisational level to foster creativity, but have stringent control at the higher management level of the Group to maintain its efficiency. Because this higher management which is the board of director of the group is the one that oversees the cross functional collaboration and integration of the various units that collaborate or complement each other in achieving its missions. For example the need to have frequent ferries to Zanzibar, so that fresh breads and ice-cream could be delivered on time. 3. ORGANISATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT FACILITATE THE INNOVATION PROCESS Discuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa Group Organizational Characteristics that Facilitate the Innovation Process The innovation process is complex in nature as it involves the relationship between the stimulus, capacity and performance of such innovation. This complex relationship need to be nurtured by favourable characteristics of the organisation such as growth orientation, vigilance, commitment to technology, acceptance of risk, cross functional cooperation, receptivity, slack, adaptability and diverse range of skills. Growth Orientation This is characterized by a commitment to long-term growth rather than short-term profit. Not all companies first and foremost objective is growth. Some companies are established merely to exploit a short-term opportunity, other companies would like to maintain the company at its existing size: the objective of innovative companies is to grow the business the actively plan for the long-term. Vigilance It is characterized by the ability of the organization to be aware of its threats and opportunities. Vigilance requires continual external scanning e.g. within the marketing function the activity would form part of market research and competitor analysis. Collecting valuable information is one thing, but relaying it to the necessary individuals and acting on it are two necessary associated requirements. An open communication system will help facilitate this Commitment to Technology It is characterized by the willingness to invest in the long-term development of technology. Most innovative firms exhibit patience in permitting ideas to geminate and develop overtime. These needs to be accompanied by a commitment to resources in terms of intellectual input without a long-term approach it would be extremely difficult for the company to attract good scientists. Acceptance of risk Acceptance of risk is characterized by the willingness to include risky opportunities in a balanced portfolio. It means the willingness to consider carefully risky opportunities. Ability to take calculated risks and include them in a balanced portfolio of projects. Cross-functional Cooperation It is characterized by mutual respect among individuals and a willingness to work together across functions. Inter-departmental conflict is a well-documented barrier to innovation. Often conflict has been observed between marketing and RD functions as the two groups often have very different interests. Receptivity: It is characterized by the ability to be aware of, to identify and take effective advantage of externally developed technology. Most technology based innovations involve a combination of several different technologies. It would be unusual for all the technology to be developed in house. That is why business are witnessing an increasing number of joint ventures and alliances. Slack It is characterized by an ability to manage the innovation dilemma and provide room for creativity while organizations place a great emphasis on the need for efficiency, there is also a need for a certain amount of slack to allow individuals room to think, experiment, discuss ideas and be creative. Adaptability: It is characterized by a readiness to accept change. The development of new product innovations will invariably lead to disruptions to established organizational activities. Major or radical innovations may result in significant changes, although the two are not necessarily linked. The organization must be ready to accept change in the way it manages its internal activities. Otherwise proposed innovations would be stifled due to a reluctance to alter existing ways of working or to learn new techniques. Diverse Range of Skills: It is characterized by a combination of specialization and diversity of knowledge and skills organizations require individuals of a hybrid nature who are able to understand a variety of technical subjects and facilitate the transfer of knowledge within the company. It is the ability of the organization to manage this diversity of knowledge skills effectively that lies at the heart of the innovation process. The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long-term growth rather than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities. The Bakhresa group is heavily investing in its profitable companies such as those of grain mills, by purchasing newer and higher capacity plants, as well as by expanding into new markets abroad. They have bought and renovated grain mills in Malawi, and build a new one in Uganda and Rwanda. Bakhresa group is vigilant on its environment, and has been able to capture emerging opportunities of privatisation programmes in Tanzania and elsewhere (Malawi) to start businesses. Has been able to capture the interest of International financing partners to start a business at the port of Nacala in Mozambique. The group is investing in latest technologies across all the industries its operating, it has purchased new plants and mills from Italy and Sweden, it has ordered brand new ferry boats from Australia. Its communication company SatAfrik ltd is utilising latest satellite, GPS and GSM technologies; and it effectively support its transport and logistics companies. The group has strong Cross-functional Cooperation; because most of the companies were established with a view to integrate with the existing companies and businesses. Packaging company was established to support grain mills and food products, transport and logistics companies to run efficient distribution and supplies Bakhresa group has good receptivity of technologies developed in other areas such as Europe and Australia. It provides some amount of slack for creativity behaviour although it does not easily adapt to changing environment. The group shows the diverse range of skills from its top management to the other members of functional areas. It has business management experts, engineers, logistics, marketing and great sales force. 4. KEY INDIVIDUAL ROLES WITHIN THE INNOVATION PROCESS Explain the key individual roles within the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa Group The Role of the individual in the innovation Process Innovation process is essentially a people process and that organizational structure, formal decision making processes, delegation of authority and other formal aspects of a so-called well-run company are not necessary conditions for successful technological innovation. The study of Rubenstein has revealed that certain individuals had fulfilled a variety of roles that had contributed to successful technological innovation. (Trott 2010) GATEKEEPERS These people collect and channel information about changes in the technical environment. They stay current with events and ideas through personal contacts, professional meetings, and news media. When gatekeepers find relevant information, they send it to the appropriate person or unit for follow up. IDEA GENERATORS This role involves analysis of information about new technologies, products, or procedures in order to yield a new idea for the company. The fresh idea may be innovative solution to an existing problem in product or business development or the identification of a new marketplace opportunity. CHAMPIONS Champions advocate and push for the new idea. This role involves obtaining and applying the resources and staff to demonstrate the ideas feasibility. Champions are concerned about results, not risk, and do not spend time studying the consequences of failure. Their mission is to remove obstacles. PROJECT MANAGERS Someone has to draw up schedules and budgets; arrange periodic information session and status reports; coordinate labour, seths8265http://www.blogger.com/profile/18018574060224595854noreply@blogger.com0