Comparing the Characters of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in...

Comparing the Characters of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations by Dickens Miss Havisham is a bitter old woman. She wants to seek revenge on all men for the wrong that was done to her by one man. She lives in her clothes that she should have worn to her wedding and is surrounded by decaying things in a darkened room. Miss Havisham adopts a young girl Estella, whom she has planed to use her to seek revenge on all men. Miss Havisham is delighted in the way Estella torments Pip. This is shown in chapter 8 when Pip has just met Miss Havisham and Estella, when Miss Havisham asks Estella to play with him. Estella calls Pip a common labouring boy, Miss Havisham says to Estella Well? You can†¦show more content†¦When he meets Pip in London when he confesses that he is his benefactor, he is so proud in the gentleman he has created. He shows this in chapter 39 when Magwitch calls Pip master when Pip asks Magwitch if he would like to come in. It was as if he was not good enough to call him Pip or as he was a slave to Pip. Later on Magwitch says to Pip You acted noble, my boy. Noble, Pip! Magwitch also shows that he is proud of the gentleman he has made again in chapter 39 when he tells Pip Yes, Pip, dear boy, Ive made a gentleman on you! Its me wot has done it! I swore that time, sure as ever I earned a guinea, that guinea should go to youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Wot you kep life in, got his head so hig h that he could make a gentleman - and, Pip youre him! Magwitch says this in such a proud way, that he shows that he could not be any happier on the way Pip has turned out, a great gentleman. Pip realises that Magwitchs character has changed for the best and Pip forms a strong affection for the one he knew as a convict, is more like a second father to him. Magwitch loves Pip he feels that Pip is a replacement for the child he lost. Magwitch expresses that he feels like a second father for Pip in chapter 39 Magwitch says to Pip Lookee here, Pip. Im your second father. Youre my son - more to me nor any son. Ive put away money, only for you to spend. At the beginning of theShow MoreRelatedCreating Tension Through the Presentation of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations1182 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Dickens create tension through his presentation of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations? Introduction ============ Great Expectations is about a young boy, Pip, who lives in a deprived town with his sister (Mrs Joe) and her husband (Mr Joe). Pip meets a fugitive, Magwitch and after meeting with this runaway he fears from his life. Pip is then summoned to go and play at Miss Havisham’s house. He then falls in love with Estella who chooses to ignore Pip, which makesRead MoreDickens Use of the Word Hand3157 Words   |  13 PagesDickens Use of the Word Hand [Dickens] genius is descriptive; he can describe a thing so vividly#8212;and so influentially#8212;that no one can look at that thing in the same way again. John Irving The King of the Novel Descriptive Dickens Use of the Word Hand Charles Dickens description in Great Expectations is a telling example of why people consider him one of the greatest and most successful novelists ever. Dickens uses his talent for descriptive writingRead MoreDifferent Qualities of a Gentleman Portrayed by Charles Dickens in Great Expectations721 Words   |  3 PagesQualities of a Gentleman Portrayed by Charles Dickens in Great Expectations In this essay I will be looking at how the different qualities of a gentleman is portrayed, by Charles Dickens, throughout Great Expectations. In the beginning of the story a gentleman is seen, through Pip, as someone with wealth, education and high social status. This materialistic definition of a gentleman can be seen in the description of the character Bentley Drummle, who clearly isnt a gentlemanRead MoreGreat Expectations and Jane Eyre: Comparing and Contrasting Two Bildungsromans†2090 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Great Expectations and Jane Eyre: Comparing and Contrasting Two Bildungsromans† Charles Dickens (the author of Great Expectations) and Charlotte Brontà « (the author of Jane Eyre) both grew up during the early 1800s. Growing up during the same time period, each author incorporated elements of the Victorian Society into these novels. Both novels depict the protagonist’s search for the meaning of life and the nature of the world within the context of a defined social order. In essence, the two novelsRead MoreGreat Expectations. How Does the Relationship Between Pip and Joe Change and Develop as the Novel Goes on? What Is Dickens Saying About Society at the Time?3642 Words   |  15 PagesGreat Expectations is set in Victorian England. It is apparent when we read the novel that Charles Dickens expressed many of his own views when writing the narrative, using a strong authorial voice. This is particularly clear when he addresses certain issues concerning the social and cultural concerns of the time, and through Pips desire for social change. The development of the relationship between Pip and Joe is crucial in realising the complexity and importance of their relationship because

Title IX Example

Essays on Title IX Coursework Gender Equity in Athletics In my opinion, IX was a logical policy response to the problem of gender inequality. The policy played a big role in changing the wrong perception which the society had regarding women participating in sports. Athletics was perceived to be a male phenomenon and this contributed toa male dominated field. The IX policy changed this primitive and cultural framework which discriminated against women. The policy encouraged more women to come out strongly and participate in athletics. It also led to the emergence of major action and regulations that defended, acknowledged, and recognised the rights and potential of women. The policy emphasised on equality of men and women in sports (Messner, 2010).The Title IX did accomplish the intended goals for majority of women but it left some women out. Some women were held back by the stereotyped belief that sports was associated with masculinity and men.The Title IX impacted my life as I was also able to accept the fact t hat women just as men have the capacity to participate in sports and even do better.Girls and young women today are participating in sports more. This is because they have the freedom of participation and they are not held back by the prejudiced and discriminatory beliefs and cultures. Forty years ago, young women and girls viewed athletics as a male role. Participation of women in sports has changed their role in society over time. In the past women got perceived as homemakers who carried out domestic duties but today more and more women are participating in sports (Barra, 2012).Other social changes have also contributed to changes about the perception o women in sports. The education of girls also played a big role in encouraging girls to participate in sports and their other areas of talents. In the past girls were to remain at home but with education system they go to school and encouraged to participate in sports (Messner, 2010).ReferencesBarra, A. (2012, June 16). Before and A fter Title IX: Women in Sports. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/06/17/opinion/sunday/sundayreview-titleix-timeline.html?_r=0#/#time12_264Messner, M. A. (2010). Out of Play: Critical Essays on Gender and Sport. New York: SUNY Press.

Gas War (2040 words) Essay Example For Students

Gas War (2040 words) Essay Gas WarGasoline is produced by a distillation process where crude oil is heated and fumes are captured and converted into many products such as kerosene, jet fuel, and gasoline to name a few. Therefore the price of crude oil, which is extracted from oil wells beneath the earths surface, is a major factor in gas prices. The five leading oil-producing countries and their approximate shares of the world supply of oil are: Soviet Union 21%, Saudi Arabia 17%, The United States 15%, Venezuela 4%, and Mexico 4%. These five countries made up 61 % of the worlds oil production back in 1980. Even though The United States is a major producer of oil, it does not make them self-sufficient. The United States uses more oil than they can produce and must look towards foreign countries. An organization called O. P.E.C. controls approximately four fifths of the worlds oil reserves in the non-communist world. The United States is forced to deal with O.P.E.C. , not only in its own interests, but also in the interest of its allies and in the interest of maintaining peace. The former Soviet Union may now have an interest in selling some of their oil that they have a tremendous amount of. O.P. E.C. which stands for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is made up of 13 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon. O. P.E.C. was founded in Baghdad, Iraq in September of 1960. It was organized in response to oil producing countries that did not consult with the Middle Eastern oil states before lowering their crude oil prices. The producers feared that other countries would establish monopolies. The aim of O.P. E.C. was to create a universal price between the countries, in order to ensure peace between oil producers throughout the world. O. P.E.C. also wanted to provide its members with technical and economic support in times of need, since not all the countries were completely stable. The headquarters were initially set in Geneva, but were later moved to Vienna in 1965. O.P.E. C.s goal was to establish firmly unified prices amongst their members, but the organization was not always successful. In their quest for control over the world market of oil production, they have ran into several obstacles and setbacks. O. P.E.C. has barely survived being eliminated due to internal conflicts amongst its members. Since O.P.E.C. almost has a strangle hold on the worlds oil supply, The United States is extremely concerned with the areas instability. The Middle East and the Persian Gulf area, where most of the members are located, are extremely prone to wars, both civil and cross borders, plagued by religious battles, and positions of power are frequently overthrown, making it hard for any stability to come out of the area. Any time there is chaos in the Middle East, The United States thinks back on ?memories of other troubles in the Persian Gulf area: the Arab oil embargo in 1973-74, the Iranian revolution in 1979-80 and Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait in 1990. (1) The area is also vital to our allies, who would be crippled without Gulf oil, whose livelihood we are dependent on. In 1973 O.P.E.C. raised oil prices 70%. The dominant Middle Eastern members of O.P.E. C. used succeeding price increases as a political weapon aimed at Western nations in retaliation for their support of Israel against its Arab neighbors in the so-called Yom Kippur War of October 1973. Prices were accordingly raised another 130% at the Tehran conference of December 1973, and a temporary embargo was placed on the United States and the Netherlands at the same time. Other prices increases followed in 1975, 1977, 1979, and 1980, which ultimately raised the price of a barrel of crude oil from United States $3. 00 in 1973 to $30.00 in 1980. (2) Almost every college student has heard stories from friends or relatives about the gas crunch in the 1970s. People waited in lines that stretched for miles, and could only get gas on certain days depending on the first letter of your last name. The Futiity Of Prostitution Laws Essay (4) It is rumored that their are supply tanks buried somewhere near the Gulf of Mexico that could support the country for 66 days if anything were to happen. The United States and other countries have been looking into alternative forms of energy in order to lower their dependency towards foreign oil. Money is being spent into researching solar, hydro, nuclear, and alternate forms of energy. Government regulations also create changes in gas prices. California has recently gone threw price increases at the pumps due to new legislation. The state is heavily overpopulated and has the worst smog of all the states. California gas stations are changing to a cleaner gas that will cause less air pollution, but will be more expensive. The increase is approximately 10-12 cents. That is the price Californians are going to have to pay for cleaner air. Another government regulation is aimed towards the refiners of the oil. The government is putting pressure to change from their winter grades which are oxygenated, to summer grades that have lower evaporability, helping the environment. These costs to switch fuel show up at the pumps, the public has to pay for governmental research and environmental precautions. The United States doesnt have it as bad as some other countries. The U.S. pays an average of $1. 21 per gallon of gasoline. Japan pays $5.35/gallon, Germany pays $4.04/gallon, The United Kingdom pays $3. 38/gallon and Mexico pays $1.55/gallon. All four are significantly more than the United States pays. Taxes are the largest component of the prices we pay at the pumps. Taxes were the single largest component cost of gasoline, amounting to 42.4 cents per gallon, including 18.4 cents per gallon in federal taxes, 22 cents per gallon in weighted average state taxes and an estimated 2 cents per gallon in local taxes. (5) The President of The United States of America, Bill Clinton, has on several occasions proposed to increase the taxes put on gas. In 1993 Clinton proposed a gas tax that raised the prices at the pumps by 7.5 cents per gallon, a 6% increase of the price. Then in 1996, Bill Clinton made a proposal to raise gas taxes by an additional 2.5%. Clinton wanted to raise prices 10 cents per gallon overall in his four years in office, all part of his deficit reduction plan. (6) Clintons entire campaign was based around not hurting the American people with taxes, but once in the white house, has made the record books with the highest amount of gasoline taxes ever. Taxes are so much a part of the prices we pay that ?in 1981 when pump prices where at an all time high of $2.27 per gallon, the taxes were just 27. 7 cents per gallon. The real cost of motor gasoline to consumers fell by about a dollar per gallon between 1981 and 1995, but over the same period federal, state and local motor gasoline taxes increased by nearly 15 cents per gallon. (7) Taxes in the United states have increased an average of 15.6% in the last three years. mThis chart shows some United States cities and the price increases. Many factors influence the prices of gasoline. Gasoline prices are affected by the price of crude oil in the world market, supply and demand for gasoline, local market competition, temporary supply interruptions, government regulations, or taxes. Everyday new things can happen to change the prices that American consumers pay at the pumps. The United States is dependent on foreign oil and must continue to ensure stability in the Middle East, or until we have found alternate sources of energy. Taxes will continue to climb due to the rise of government control. Regulations will continue to become stricter until gasoline usage is more environmentally friendly. It looks as if gas prices will continue to fluctuate, but over time will tend to rise.Bibliographyno commentEconomics Essays

United Arab Emirates Economy

Based on the socio-economic indicators such as HDI, GDP growth and GDP per capita, we notice that the United Arab Emirates is a highly developed economy that has grown quite rapidly over recent years. Since 2004 when the GDP of the UAE grew by 11.9 percent, it has continued to grow at high rates over the years. In 2010, however, the growth rate fell and hit an all-time low of -1.6 percent. This was attributed to the crisis in Dubai, which ended up affecting the rest of the Emirates (Anderson, Anderson, Cool, 2010). Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United Arab Emirates Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was after the property prices plummeted after the government construction company, Dubai World, sought to delay debt payments. The GDP, however, seemed to bounce back when they registered a 1.4 percent growth rate in the first half of 2011. The earlier growth was credited to the diversification of the economy where there was reduced reliance on natural resources as the manufacturing, construction and the services sector grew. The GDP per capita on the other hand, has also been rising rapidly as the wealth of the UAE increases. It is, however, not the leading country in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), as far as its GDP is concerned. Among the MENA countries, it is third behind Qatar, which is first and Kuwait, which is second. This has been a direct result of diversification which has made both local and foreign labor to be on demand, which means high incomes for workers (Gonzalez, 2008). It has one of the highest Human Development Indexes (HDI) in the world, which was calculated to be 0.846 in 2011. It is argued that the UAE has the highest average income per person in the world since it recorded over US$ 1 trillion in foreign investments in its assets. The city of Abu Dhabi has been rated as the world’s richest city by CNN with a GDP, measured by purchasing power parity, of US$ 400.4 billion (Elsheshtawy, 2011). This makes the UAE one of the best places to invest. This has been promoted by adoption of foreign investment policies that have made it one of the best places to trade, with the Dubai International Financial Center offering 55.5 percent ownership to foreign investors. There was also the review of investment tax laws which were borrowed from some of the world’s greatest financial centers, and this has led to companies basing their international operations in Dubai. The huge foreign investments have led to a construction boom with huge real estate projects being commissioned (Gorgenlà ¤nder, 2011). With the growth in the economy the government has had to invest heavily in infrastructure especially in the transport and energy sectors. With the diversification of the economy there was the formation of the Abu Dhabi investment company, which is one of the UAE’s greatest sources of foreign exchange. Advertising Looki ng for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It manages over US$ 360 billion in overseas investments as well as over US$ 900 billion in assets. It was, however, estimated that the UAE held over US$ 128.6 billion in external debts and it has been the mandate of the government to ensure that this doesn’t grow any further. Though this is not a high number when compared to other world economies, it is still significant considering that the UAE economy is still young and growing. With the commissioning of massive real estate projects as well as huge investments in the services industry, the economy of the UAE is destined to grow even further in coming years. This will further be boosted by the increased confidence by foreign investors in the UAE as an investment destination which over time has led to increased incomes. References Anderson, W, Anderson, L, Cool, I. (2010). An atlas of Middle Eastern affa irs. New York: Taylor Francis. Elsheshtawy, Y. (2011). The evolving Arab city: tradition, modernity and urban development. New York: Routledge. Gonzalez, G. (2008). Facing human capital challenges of the 21st century: education and labor market initiatives in Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. New York: Rand Corporation. Gorgenlà ¤nder, V. (2011). A Strategic Analysis of the Construction Industry in the United Arab Emirates: Opportunities and Threats in the Construction Business. New York: Verlag. This report on United Arab Emirates Economy was written and submitted by user Vaughn Stone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Philosophy Of Mind Essays - Philosophy Of Artificial Intelligence

Philosophy Of Mind In this paper I plan to show that Searle is correct in claiming that his Chinese Room Analogy shows that any Turing machine simulation of human understanding of a linguistic phenomenon fails to possess any real understanding. First I will explain the Chinese Room Analogy and how it is compared to a Turing machine. I will then show that the machine can not literally be said to understand. A Turing machine has a infinite number of internal states, but always begins a computation in the initial state go. Turing machines can be generalized in various ways. For example many machines can be connected, or a single machines may have more than one reader-printer under command of the control. The machines are set to accept input and give output based on the type of input given. When comparing the Turing machine simulation of understanding to actual human understanding you ca see the story given as input, and the answers to questions about the story as output. In the Chinese Room Analogy Searle supposed that he was locked in a room with a large batch of Chinese writing referred to as "scripts". By using the term "script" it is meant to say that this first batch of Chinese writing is the original or principal instrument or document. Further more in this case he is said not to know any Chinese, either written or spoken. The Chinese writing is described by Searle as " meaningless squiggles". Next he is presented with a second batch of Chinese writing referred to as a "story". The term story here is meant to describe the second batch to be an account of incidents or events that will be used to make a statement regarding the facts pertinent to the incidents or events that will follow. Accompanied with the second batch of writing is a set of written rules written in English that is meant to be used for correlating the two batches called a "program". The "program" given to Searle is meant to used as a printed outline of a particular order to be followed to correlate the Chinese symbols. The rules, or the "program", will allow Searle to correlate the symbols entirely by their shape. Finally a third batch of Chinese symbols is presented along with further instructions in English, referred to as "questions". The "questions" are implemented as a way to interrogate Searle in such a manner that his competence in the situation will be given. These "questions" allow the third batch to be correlated with the first two batches. It is supposed in this analogy that after a while he becomes so good at following the instructions to manipulate the symbols, while giving the correct answers, that is becomes impossible for a man from outside the direct point of view to distinguish his answers from that of a native Chinese speaker. The Chinese Room Analogy goes a step further when he is given large batches of English, called "stories", which he of course understands as native English speaker. The story in this case is to be used just as it was in the previous case, to describe the batch as an account of incidents or events that will be used to make a statement regarding the facts pertinent to the incidents or events that will follow. Much like the case with the Chinese writing questions are asked in English and he is able to answer them, also in English. These answers are indistinguishable from that of other native English speakers, if for no other reason that he is a native speaker himself. The difference here is that in the Chinese case, Searle is only producing answers based on manipulation of the symbols of which have no meaning to him, and in the English case answers are given based on understanding. It is supposed that in the Chinese case, Searle behaves as nothing more than a computer, performing operations on formally specified elements. An advocate of the strong AI (Artificial Intelligence) claim that if a question and answer sequence much like the case with the Chinese symbols, a machine is not only simulating human ability but also that the machine can be said to literally understand a story and provide answers to questions about them. Searle declares that in regard to the first claim where machine can literally be said to understand a story and provide answers, that this is untrue. Obviously in the Chinese Room Analogy even though the inputs and outputs are indistinguishable from that of native Chinese speaker Searle

Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development

Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development Introduction According to the definition presented by Borensztein and Gregorio (1997), foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process through which a corporation directly invests in a nation other than its parent country. On the other hand, Graham (1991) defined foreign direct investment as the process through which a company purchases or constructs tangible assets in a foreign nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These assets can be in the form of land, processing plants, machineries, equipments, buildings and so on. From these definitions, it is evident that FDI is a process through which a corporation invests in a foreign counry. In the process, both the corporation and the host nation benefit from this process in terms of economic gains. The concept of foreign direct investment has been present for several decades no w. Between 1985 and 1988 for instance, foreign direct investment within the United States of America increased from $47 billion to $139 billion (Graham, 1991). This remarkable increase in foreign direct investment was attributed to the high level of commercial inflow within the nation. Toyota is a prime example of a company that increased its investments in the automobile industry in the United States during the 1980s. As a result, therefore, the level of foreign ownership in the United States has increased tremendously. On the other hand, foreign direct investments have facilitated the economic growth of many countries especially in developing nations. Despite the fact that foreign direct investments do not have a huge impact on the capital gains of these nations, their resulting impacts on their economic growth has been changing over the years especially because there are alternative sources of finance to support FDIs in developing nations. Given these facts, therefore, this paper will focus on the impacts of FDIs on the virtuous circle of economic development. To achieve this, the paper will analyze the impacts that FDIs have on the economy of a given nation and the resultant effects. The Impacts of FDI on the Host Nation In the modern world, FDIs play an important role in maintaining and developing the economies of developed nations, emerging economies, countries that are in transition as well as developing nations (Tulug, 2004). FDIs increase the level of employment within the host nation, bring about modernization and technological development, enhance the level of international trade, increase the level of competition among domestic companies and play a critical role in the development of human capital formation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other than achieving economic success, FDIs are also helpful in achieving social needs of ho st nations. Through social corporate responsibility schemes, FDIs can introduce modern technologies that are safe for the environment. At the same time, these corporations can start up programs that aim at alleviating common social problems such as drug abuse, HIV/AIDS prevention and management and so on. However, the success of FDIs highly relies on the policies that have been put in place by the host nation. These policies are essential in determining the relationship that will exist between the corporation, the host nation and the native population. The presence of well-defined policies is thus essential to ensure that the roles of each stakeholder are as well as the goals and objectives of the initiative have been clearly defined. Poor policies on the other hand might reduce the profitability of FDIs. The balance of payments might also be affected. Consequently, conflicts might arise between the host nation and investing corporations. At the same time, the native community might have negative attitudes and perceptions towards FDIs especially if they do not benefit either directly or indirectly from them. Therefore, to ensure that FDIs are successful in the short run and in the long run, a balance needs to be achieved between the benefits and shortcomings that can be accrued. It is as a result of this fact that several models have been developed to ensure that a virtuous circle of economic development is achieved. These models will not only guarantee that the goals and objectives of that have been set up through FDIs are achieved but also the economy of the host nation grows and develops at a remarkable rate. FDI and Economic Growth It has always been asserted that FDIs play a critical role in increasing the level of productivity and income in the host nation. However, it is difficult to ascertain precisely how FDIs achieve these goals (OECD, 2002). From studies that have been conducted, it is evident that FDIs have a huge economic impact as compared to loc al investments within the host nation. Thus, for FDIs to be successful, they have to venture into the market and the economy of the host nation as Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) (OECD, 2002). However, the effect that MNEs have on the economy of developing nations is somehow different. As Easterly (2003) asserted, the level of economic growth in developing nations is relatively low in terms of the impacts arising from MNEs as compared to the economies of developed nations. This trend has been attributed to the fact that fact that the level of education, technology, and infrastructural development in developing nations have not reached an optimum level to enable their economies to benefit fully from FDIs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, the impaired financial markets of developing nations act as a barrier to economic development. Therefore, to achieve a virtuous circle of economic development, it has always been advised that either MNEs should initiate and be involved directly or indirectly in processes that will result in the development of infrastructure and improvement in the financial sector in host countries. FDI and Trade The goal of any nation is to achieve economic sustainability in the short run and in the long run. Industrialization is one of the avenues that play a critical role in achieving this goal. The level of industrialization in developing countries is very low. These nations import more than what they export. Such nations will therefore benefit from inward FDI contributions. Inward FDI is essential as it integrates the economy of developing nations by enhancing their level of foreign trade. Through MNEs, developing nations tend to develop strong international networks in different industrial segments. Ultimately, these networks will boost the manner and level in w hich developing nations distribute, market, and sell their products at local and international levels. However, for all this to be realized, host nations need to have sound policies that will attract MNEs into their countries and support import and export processes (OECD, 2002). To support the trading activities of host nations, host nations need to improve their level of exports to ensure that a desirable balance of payments is achieved. Through inwards investments, FDIs can overcome the financial constrain of host nations through resource endowments (OECD, 2002). Here, MNEs explore and utilize the natural resources present in the host nation in a sustainable, effective and efficient manner hence increasing exports. The establishment of export processing zones (EPZ) has also enhanced the level of trade between host nations and the international community by increasing the level of imports and exports. From this analysis, therefore, it is evident that FDIs play a critical role in en hancing the trade within host nations. FDI and Technology Transfers Technology transfer has always been regarded as the most important contribution of FDIs to host nations (OECD, 2002). In most cases, MNEs have superior technology as compared the domestic industries. Therefore, with the presence of modern technology, the processes of producing, distributing and salling of goods and services within and outside the host nation will be enhanced. Vertical integration is one of the channels through which technology spillovers from MNEs can become beneficial within the host nation. Here, MNEs impart the knowledge regarding new technologies to suppliers and purchases within the host nation through training, and provision of technical assistance that will ultimately modernize and upgrade the production process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process, the quality of goods and services produced within the nation are improved. Horizontal spillover is also another channel through which MNEs can introduce new technologies within the host nation where other firms within the same industry will benefit. However, due to competition, the rates of horizontal spillovers are usually low. However, for the host nation to benefit from technology transfer, the new technologies that have been introduced by the MNEs need to be in line with its business operations (OECD, 2002). Consequently, the difference in the level of technology between MNEs and domestic industries needs to be low. In the case where this difference is wide, firms within the host nation may fail to fully absorb the newly introduced technologies. FDI and Human Capital Enhancement Unlike the other FDI benefits that have a direct impact on the economy of the host nation, the impact that FDIs have on human capital investment is indirect. Consequently, it has been ide ntified that MNEs play a minimal role in enhancing human capital within the host nation (Tulug, 2004). It is thus the responsibility of the government of the host nation to ensure that its population is highly qualified and skilled to provide the established MNEs with the human capital that they require to support their operations. Therefore, scholars regard this practice as a strategy for host nations to attract FDI in their countries. However, once MNEs have been established, they usually offer training and extension services to their employees. This is essential as it improves the skills and knowledge of the local population. As Borensztein and Gregorio (1997) asserted, there are individuals who use the skills, knowledge, and experience that they have acquired from MNEs to start up their own enterprises. However, just like in the case of technology, the education gap between MNEs and the host nation should be minimal to ensure the spillover process is effective and successful in the short run and in the long run. To achieve this, it is advised that the host nation should educate its people to meet the skills and requirements that might arise as a result of setting up MNEs. FDI and Competition Through FDI, MNEs exert a lot of pressure on the host nations’ markets. Competition always exerts pressure on the firms that are currently operating in a given market. Therefore, the entrance of MNEs in a given industry will greatly enhance the level of competition the respective industry. However, it has always been stated that due to the influence that they have, MNEs outcompete domestic firms. This eventually leads to their exit of domestic firms from the market (OECD, 2002). However, recent results from empirical studies that have been conducted by several scholars reveal that increased competition has positive impacts on the economy of host nations since it increases the level of productivity, reduces the selling price, and supports the equitable distributi on of resources within the industry. All these factors play a critical role in establishing a stable and sustainable economy in the short run and in the long run. Therefore, host nations need to come up with policies that will increase the ease at which MNEs can enter into their markets. Conclusion In the modern economy, FDIs play a critical role in the development and growth the global economy. However, developing nations have not fully benefited from the presence of FDIs within their economies. Therefore, with proper policies in place, FDIs will play a critical role in enhancing trade in developing nations at national and international levels, improve their level of technology, enhance their human capital, and increase the level of competition. As a result, their production levels will be increased and firms will operate in an effective and efficient manner hence supporting economic growth and development through maximization of profits, improved balance of payments, stability of domestic industries as well as MNEs and an increased support from the local community. This will ensure the sustainability of the host nation’s economy in the short run and in the long run. References Borensztein, E and Gregorio, J 1997, How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth. Web. Easterly, W 2003, ‘How much do distortions affect growth’, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 187–212 Graham, E 1991, Foreign direct investment in the United States, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC OECD 2002, Foreign direct investment for development: Maximizing benefits, minimizing costs, viewed on oecd.org/investment/investmentfordevelopment/1959815.pdf Tulug, O 2004, ‘What drives foreign direct investment into emerging markets’, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, vol. 40 no. 4, pp. 101-114.

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Scientists and researchers have continually been trying to develop ways in order for society to have healthier lives. The use of stem cells may be one of the best answers yet. â€Å"Stem cells hold a lot of promise to cure many nasty diseases.†(Cline) There should be no debate on its application. Indeed, there is an ethical issue to be resolved. Nevertheless, if the stem cells were to be used to further life, I think the ethical issue surrounding this side of stem cell research should easily be resolved. If not, then other scientific approaches to furthering life that are being practiced now such as organ transplant should be paused as well until a decision is made on stem cell research. When a person is in a coma, doctors and family depend on brain activity to determine progress. This goes to show how important the brain is for a person to function well. As such, cures for neurological diseases should be of utmost concern. If stem cell research appears to be the answer, why not